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Bio 235 Midterm 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

The science of body functions

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3
Q

Identify the location of the integumentary system and the major organs it contains

A

The skin of the whole body, contains the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fatty tissue

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4
Q

Identify the location of the skeletal system and the major organs involved

A

Bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage throughout the body from the skull and face, includes the trunk, vertebrae and limbs (axial and appendicular)

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5
Q

Identify the location of the muscular system and the organs contains

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles and muscle fibres throughout the body

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6
Q

Identify the location of the nervous system and the major organs included

A

The brain and spinal cord and network of nerves throughout the body

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7
Q

Identify the locations of the endocrine system and the major organs involved

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries and testes, the organs are generally midline down the body

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8
Q

Identify the location of the lymphatic system and the major organs included

A

Mucous membranes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes and vessels and lymph fluid

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9
Q

Identify the location of the cardiovascular system and the major organs involved

A

Heart and blood vessels like arteries and veins throughout the body

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10
Q

Identify the location of the respiratory system and the major organs involved

A

Lungs, nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

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11
Q

Identify the location of the digestive system and the major organs involved

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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12
Q

Identify the location of the urinary system and the major organs involved

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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13
Q

Identify the location of the reproductive system and the major organs involved

A

Females: vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, accessory glands, mammary glands, clitoris, the labia’s
Males: scrotum, testis, penis, prostate glands, vas defernes, urethra, seminal vesicles, epididymis

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14
Q

What are the major vital organs

A

Heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and lungs

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15
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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16
Q

What is the chemical level of structural organization

A
  1. Contains the smallest units of matter, atoms
  2. participates in chemical reactions,
  3. contains molecules, which are 2 or more atoms joined together
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17
Q

What is the cellular level of structural organization

A
  1. Molecules that combine to form cells
  2. Basic structure and functional units of an organism
  3. composed of chemicals
    4 smallest living units in the body
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18
Q

What is the tissue level of structural organization

A
  1. Groups of cells and materials
  2. Work together to perform a particular function
  3. Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
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19
Q

What is the organ level of structural organization

A
  1. Different types of tissues that join together
  2. Each organ has a specific function and shapes
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20
Q

What is the system level of structural organization

A
  1. Multiple organs working together with a common function
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21
Q

What is the organism level of structural organization

A
  1. A living individual
  2. Contains parts of the body that function together
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22
Q

What are the 6 life process of the body

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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23
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is metabolism

A

A chemical body process, consisting of catabolism and anabolism

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24
Q

Differentiate catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemicals into simple chemicals
Anabolism is the buildup of simple chemicals into complex chemicals

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25
Of the 6 life processes, what is responsiveness
Detects and responds to body changes
26
Of the 6 life processes, what is movement
The motion and movement of the body, cells, organs, structures, and chemicals
27
Of the 6 life processes, what is growth
Increase in the size or number of cells
28
Of the 6 life processes, what is differentiation
The development from unspecialized to specialized in structures of functions
29
Of the 6 life processes, what is reproductions
The formation, repair or replacement of new cells
30
What is the importance of homeostasis in body cells
Maintain the volume and composition of body fluids
31
What are the fluids within the body
Dilute, watery substances containing dissolved chemicals within cells and surrounding them. Includes intercellular fluids, and extracellular fluids
32
Differentiate between intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids
Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids within a cell Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids outside the body cells, within the internal environment The interstitial fluid fills the narrow space between each cells and tissue. I.e ECF = interstitial fluid + plasma/lymph/cerebrospinal fluid/synovial fluid
33
Define homeostasis
State of stability within the body’s internal environment to maintain life
34
What are the 3 main components and functions of a feedback system
1. Receptor- monitors changes in a controlled condition, sends input to the control centre 2. control centre- has a range or set point that is needed to be maintained for homeostasis, receives and evaluates the input, generates the output and sends to the effector 3. effectors - receives the output and produces a response that changes the controlled condition to return to homeostasis
35
Differentiate between a negative and positive feedback system, with examples of each
1. A negative feedback system is meant to reverse a change in a controlled condition (body temperature, change in blood pressure, the body reacts to regulate these) 2. A positive feedback system is meant to strength or reinforce/induce a change in the controlled condition (Induce labor contractions, blood pressure drops during blood loss)
36
During labour, what is the stimulus of the feedback system
The first contraction to push the fetus towards the cervix
37
During labour, what is the receptor of the feedback system
Nerve cells that stretch the cervix
38
During labour, what is the controlled condition of the feedback system
The cervix, controls the amount of stretching
39
During labor, what is the input of the feedback system
As stretching increases, it requires more nerve impulses
40
During labour, what is the control centre of the feedback system
The brain, which receives the nerve impulses
41
During labour, what is the output of the feedback system
The hormone oxytocin that is released from the pituitary gland
42
During labor, what is the effector of the feedback system
Muscles of the uterus, received the hormone oxytocin, that causes an increase in contractions to push the fetus further down
43
What causes homeostatic imbalances
1. Disturbances of the external environment by physical stress (heat, lack of oxygen) 2. Disruptions in the internal environment (blood glucose drops) 3. Psychological stresses in social environments (poisoning, overexposure to extreme temperature, infection, surgery)
44
What are the regulating systems that help with homeostasis
1. Nervous system - send signals like nerve impulses to organs to counteract changes (Rapid change) 2. Endocrine system - glands secrete hormones which are messes her molecules (Slow change)
45
What are anatomical planes
Imaginary flat lines that pass through the body parts
46
What is a Sagittal anatomical plane
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body or organ into a right and left side (Midsagittal has an equal left and right side, parasagittal has unequal left and right sides)
47
What is a frontal anatomical plane
Divides the body or organ into a front and back (anterior and posterior)
48
What is a transverse anatomical plane
Divides the body or organ into a horizontal upper and lower portion (superior and inferior) known as cross-sectional
49
What is an oblique anatomical plane
Passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle (anything other than 90 degrees)
50
Describe the directional term superior
Toward the head or upper part of an organ or structure
51
Describe the directional term inferior
Away from the head, or lower part of a structure or organ
52
Describe the directional term anterior
Nearest to or at the front of the body
53
Describe the directional term posterior
Nearest to or at the back of the body
54
Describe the directional term medial
Nearer to the midline
55
Describe the directional term lateral
Farther from the midline
56
Describe the directional term intermediate
Between two structures
57
Describe the directional term ipsiateral
On the same side of the body as another structure (relates to abdominal organs)
58
Describe the directional term contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure (relates to abdominal organs)
59
Describe the directional term proximal
Neater to the trunk, where a limb attaches
60
Describe the direction term distal
Farther from the trunk of where the limb attaches
61
Describe the directional term superficial
Towards the surface of the body
62
Describe the directional term deep
Away from the surface of the body
63
What are the 3 main body cavities of the body
1. Cranial cavity 2. Thoracic cavity 3. Abdominopelvic cavity
64
What does the cranial cavity include
- cranial bones form a hollow space to protect the brain - the vertebral column that forms a vertebral canal containing and protecting the spinal cord - Contains 3 layers of protective tissue, meninges, and shock absorbing fluid
65
How is the thoracic cavity formed
Formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and thoracic vertebra
66
What are the 3 parts that are contained in the thoracic cavity
1. Mediastinum (between the lungs from the sternum to the vertebral column) contains all organs other than the lungs- heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, large blood vessels surrounding the heart. It seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity 2. Pericardial cavity (within the thoracic cavity) - surrounds the heart 3. Pleural cavity - 2 fluid filled spaces around the lungs
67
How is the abdominopelvic cavity formed
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin, surrounded by a wall of abdominal muscle, bones and pelvic muscles. Contains no membrane or division between the abdomen and pelvic cavities
68
What is contained in the abdominal cavity
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine
69
What is contained in the pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive systems of both genders
70
Differentiate between the parietal layer and the visceral layer
1. Parietal layers line the outside cavity walls 2. Visceral layers further inside, adheres and cover to the surface of organs
71
What are the parietal layers
1. Parietal pleura (chest wall, superior surface of the diaphragm) 2. Parietal pericardia (chest and heart wall) 3. Parietal peritoneum (abdominal wall, inferior diaphragm surface)
72
What are the visceral layers
1. Visceral pleura (sticks/covers the surface of the lungs) 2. Visceral pericardium (sticks/covers the surface of the heart) 3. Visceral peritoneum (sticks/covers the surface of the abdominal organs)
73
What is the function of the serous membrane ?
Located in between the 2 layers - parietal and visceral layers or the body cavities, it contains serous fluid which allows for movements between the organs and body cavities

Bio 235 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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