Chapter 1

Question 1

Empirical Approach

Answer 1

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation

Question 2

Critical thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

1)psychology should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most today agree with 1 but not 2.

Question 6

Humanistic Psychologists

Answer 6

Emphasized human growth potential

Question 7

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 7

The study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

Question 8

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 8

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating)

Question 9

Psychology

Answer 9

The science of behavior and mental processes

Question 10

Nature-nurture issue

Answer 10

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits Anna behaviors. Todays- traits and behaviors from interaction of nature and nurture

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

Inhibited traits that help organism to survive pass down to generations

Question 12

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 12

Study of evolution of behavior and mind, principles of natural selection

Question 13

Behavior genetics

Answer 13

Study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Question 14

Culture

Answer 14

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions shared by a group of people and passed down through generations

Question 15

Positive psychology

Answer 15

Study of human flourishing, with goals of discovering and promoting strength and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 16

Biopsychsocial Approach

Answer 16

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Question 17

Levels of analysis

Answer 17

Differing complimentary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

Question 18

Basic research

Answer 18

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Question 19

Applied research

Answer 19

, scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Question 20

Counseling Psychologists

Answer 20

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

Question 21

Clinical psychologists

Answer 21

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats ppl w/ psychological disorders

Question 22

Psychiatrists

Answer 22

Branch of medicine dealing withpsychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Question 23

Community psychologists

Answer 23

Studies how ppl interact with social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and group

Question 24

Hindsight bias

Answer 24

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it “i- knew - it - all - along” phenomenon

Question 25

Peer Reviews

Answer 25

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

Question 26

Theory

Answer 26

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Question 27

Hypotheses

Answer 27

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 28

Operational definitions

Answer 28

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, human intelligence- what an intelligence test measures

Question 29

Replicate

Answer 29

Repeating the essence of research study, usually with different participants, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Question 30

Preregistration

Answer 30

Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis.

Question 31

Meta-analysis

Answer 31

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Question 32

Case study

Answer 32

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 33

Naturalistic observations

Answer 33

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Question 34

Random samples

Answer 34

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 35

Population

Answer 35

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn (however, National does not refer to country whole population)

Question 36

Correlates

Answer 36

Measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 37

Correlation coefficient

Answer 37

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)

Question 38

Experiment

Answer 38

.investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe effect on some behavior or mental process

Question 39

Experimental group

Answer 39

Group exposed to the treatment

Question 40

Control group

Answer 40

Not exposed to the treatment

Question 41

Randomly assign

Answer 41

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Question 42

Double-blind procedure

Answer 42

'both participant and research staff are ignorant of whether participant has received the treatment or placebo

Question 43

Placebo effect

Answer 43

Experimental results caused by expectations only

Question 44

Independent variable

Answer 44

Factor that is manipulated

Question 45

Confounding variables

Answer 45

Factor other than factor being studied

Question 46

Dependent variable

Answer 46

Outcome that is measured

Question 47

Informed consent

Answer 47

Participants are informed and are given option of whether to participate or not

Question 48

Debrief

Answer 48

Post-experimental explanation of study

Question 49

Testing effect

Answer 49

Not simply rereading ¡retrieval practice

Question 50

SQ3R

Answer 50

Survey, question, read, retrieve, review