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CHE 4341 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

The amount of energy in the universe is constant

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2
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

The randomness of the universe is always increasing

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3
Q

The universe can be defined as the

A

system + surroundings

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4
Q

What is a system?

A

everything contained within a defined region of space

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5
Q

What is surroundings?

A

everything outside of the system

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6
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings

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7
Q

What is a closed system?

A

system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings

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8
Q

What is an open system?

A

system exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings

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9
Q

What law of thermodynamics does living organisms follow?

A

1st law of thermodynamics

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10
Q

Living organisms take energy from their surroundings and transform it into…

A

usable forms

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11
Q

Living organisms need energy to…

A

do work

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12
Q

What do photoautotrophs do?

A

perform photosynthesis

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13
Q

What do chemotrophs do?

A

perform cellular respiration

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14
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

H, heat content, roughly reflecting the number and kind of chemical bonds

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15
Q

What kind of function is enthalpy?

A

a state function

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16
Q

The equation used for the change in enthalpy?

A

Change in H= H final - H initial

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17
Q

What is entropy?

A

S, represents the randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system

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18
Q

What kind of function is entropy?

A

a state function

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19
Q

What is the equation for the change in entropy?

A

change in S= S final - S initial

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20
Q

What is Gibbs free energy?

A

the amount of energy available to do work, relates the change in enthalpy and entropy that take place during a reaction at a specific temperature

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21
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy equation?

A

change in G= change in H - T(change in S)

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22
Q

spontaneous reactions occur when the change in G is…

23
Q

non spontaneous reactions occur when the change in G is…

24
Q

When do endergonic reactions proceed to the final state?

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A

if there is energy available from the surroundings

25
Endergonic reactions require what to proceed?
work
26
How can work be acheived?
coupling an exergonic reaction to an endergonic process
27
What do dynamic steady states require?
energy investment
28
When is energy released when the dynamic steady state allowed to move towards the equilibrium?
energy is released
29
What can the energy released be used for?
to carry endergonic reactions
30
at Keq > 1 at the equilibrium...
there are more products than reactants (favor product)
31
Keq < 1 at equilibrium...
there are more reactants than products (forming the product is not favored)
32
Keq = 1 at the equilibrium...
there are equal amounts of reactant and products (no direction is favored)
33
A chemical equilibrium
aA + bB <---> cC + dD
34
How much energy is required to keep a system at equilibrium?
none
35
If the equilibrium is distributed by a change in concentrations...
the system will spontaneously move in the direction that return the system back to the equilibrium (Le Chatelier's Principle)
36
What is Q?
the ratio of product concentrations over reactant concentrations at a given time
37
If Q > Keq
the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the direction of reactants. It will be nonspontaneous in the direction of products
38
If Q < Keq
the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the direction of products. It will be nonspontaneous in the direction of reactants
39
If Q=Keq
no change is observed over time, the concentrations are already at equilibrium
40
What is the equation that relates concentration gradients to Gibbs free energy?
change in G = change in G not + RTln [C]^ci*[D]^di/[A]^ai*[B]^bi
41
Why are enzymes used by living organisms?
to increase the speed of a reaction
42
What is a transition state?
Higher free energy than reactant or product
43
What is activation energy?
the difference in energy between the reactant in its ground state and its transition state
44
What are pathways?
sequences of consecutive reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the reactant in the next
45
What is catabolism?
degradative, free-energy-yielding reactions - drives ATP synthesis - produces the reduced electron carriers NAD(P)H
46
What is anabolism?
synthetic pathways that require the input of energy
47
What is metabolism?
overall network of enzyme-catalyzed pathways, both catabolic and anabolic
48
What is the unity of life?
pathways of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that act on the main constituents of cells ---proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids--- are nearly identical in all living organisms
49
What is feedback inhibition?
keeps the production and utilization of each metabolic intermediate in balance
50
What is systems biology?
tasked with understanding complex interactions among intermediates and pathways in quantitative terms
51
Ice melts when the surrounding temperature is above zero degrees the change in enthalpy is...
positive
52
Ice melts when the surrounding temperature is above zero degrees the change in entropy is...
posiive
53
Ice melts when the surrounding temperature is above zero degrees this process is favorable based on...
change in entropy
54
Ice melts when the surrounding temperature is above zero degrees this process is not-favorable based on...
change in enthalpy

CHE 4341 (4 decks)

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