Chapter 1

Question 1

is a mixture of concrete and steel

Answer 1

Reinforced Concrete

Question 2

is a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous mixture

Answer 2

Portland Cement

Question 3

A process where the cement hardens when added with water.

Answer 3

Hydration

Question 4

Type of portland cement that is common and all-purpose cement used for general construction.

Answer 4

Type I

Question 5

Type of portland cement that has a lower heat of hydration and can withstand the exposure to sulfate attack.

Answer 5

Type II

Question 6

Type of Portland cement that is a high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a concrete with a strength about twice that of Type I cement.

Answer 6

Type III

Question 7

Type of Portland cement that is a low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. Used for very large concrete structures.

Answer 7

Type IV

Question 8

Type of Portland cement that is used for concretes that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.

Answer 8

Type V

Question 9

used primarily to increase concrete’s resistance to freezing and thawing, and provide better resistance to the deteriorating action of deicing salts.

Answer 9

Air-entraining admixtures

Question 10

it causes the mixing water to foam

Answer 10

Air-entraining admixtures

Question 11

used to accelerate the early strength development of concrete.

Answer 11

Accelerating Admixtures

Question 12

used to slow down the setting of the concrete and to retard temperature increases. It can prolong the plasticity of the concrete.

Answer 12

Retarding Admixture

Question 13

used to reduce the water content in concretes while at the same time, increasing their slumps.

Answer 13

Superplasticizers

Question 14

Type of admixture that is usually applied to hardened concrete surfaces, but they may be added to concrete mixtures.

Answer 14

Waterproofing materials

Question 15

are referred to as plain or deformed.

Answer 15

Reinforcing bars

Question 16

used for wrapping around longitudinal bars, primarily in columns.

Answer 16

Plain bars

Question 17

These bars are marked with the letter S and are the most widely used reinforcing bars.

Answer 17

ASTM A615: Deformed and plain billet steel bars

Question 18

These bars are marked with the letter W and are used where controlled tensile properties and specially controlled chemical composition is required.

Answer 18

ASTM A706: Low-alloy deformed and plain bars.

Question 19

These bars are marked with the letter R.

Answer 19

ASTM A996: Deformed rail steel or axle rail steel

Question 20

Used primarily for the design of the buildings.

Answer 20

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI code)

Question 21

it provides explanations, suggestions, and additional information concerning the design requirements.

Answer 21

Commentary

Question 22

loads of constant magnitude and remain in one position. They include the weight of the structure and any fixtures permanently attached to it.

Answer 22

Dead Loads

Question 23

loads that can change in magnitude and position. They are induced by gravity.

Answer 23

Live Loads

Question 24

Loads that are caused by group of trucks or train wheels

Answer 24

Traffic loads for bridges

Question 25

Loads that are caused by the Vibration of movable loads.

Answer 25

Impact Loads

Question 26

An example of this load is stopping a train on a railroad bridge or a truck on a highway bridge.

Answer 26

Longitudinal Load

Question 27

Includes soil pressure, hydrostatic pressure, blast loads, and centrifugal forces.

Answer 27

Miscellaneous Load

Question 28

Loads that are caused by explosions, sonic booms, and military weapons

Answer 28

Blast Loads

Question 29

Loads that are caused by the environment in which the structure is located.

Answer 29

Environmental Loads

Question 30

Given the cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location, and yield strength, compute the resistance or strength and the compare to the strength required. there should be one unique answer.

Answer 30

Analysis

Question 31

Given a factored design moment, normally designated as 𝑀𝑢, select a suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete strength, and solve for required reinforcement. there are many possible solutions.

Answer 31

Design

Question 32

This is reached when a structure or structural element is no longer acceptable or unfit for its intended use

Answer 32

Limit State

Question 33

These involves structural collapse of a part or all of the structure and loss of life can occur.

Answer 33

Ultimate Limit State

Question 34

Minor local failure overloads causing adjacent members to failure until entire structure collapsed.

Answer 34

Progressive collapse

Question 35

yielding of reinforcement to form plastic hinges at enough sections to make structure unstable.

Answer 35

Formation of Plastic Mechanism

Question 36

members can fracture under repeated stress cycles of service loads (may cause collapse).

Answer 36

Fatigue

Question 37

Functional use of structure is disrupted, but collapse is not expected.

Answer 37

Serviceability Limit States

Question 38

Damage or failures caused by abnormal conditions or abnormal loadings

Answer 38

Special Limit States

Question 39

this is based on working loads, also referred to as service loads or unfactored loads.

Answer 39

Working Stress Design

Question 40

this requires that the design strength of a member at any section should equal or exceed the required strength

Answer 40

Strength Design

Question 41

overload factor due to probable variation of service loads.

Answer 41

Load Factor

Question 42

load specified by general building code (unfactored).

Answer 42

Service Loads

Question 43

Also called the Allowable Stress Design, it is a method of design based on elastic stage of a structural member.

Answer 43

Working Stress Method

Question 44

Also called the Ultimate Strength Design, it is a method based on ultimate limit state design.

Answer 44

Strength Design Method

Question 45

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Answer 45

Design Strength

Question 46

are the initial shrinkage cracks due to carbonation shrinkage, hydration shrinkage, and drying shrinkage

Answer 46

Shrinkage Microcracks

Question 47

are extensions of shrinkage microcracks. Occur at 15-20% ultimate strength of concrete.

Answer 47

Bond Microcracks

Question 48

are microcracks that occur in the matrix. Occur at 30-45% ultimate strength of concrete.

Answer 48

Matrix Microcracks

Question 49

Cracks that occur just before failure (90%)

Answer 49

Aggregate Microcracks