Chapter 1

Question 1

What is knowledge?

Answer 1

justified true belief

Question 2

Uniformity of Nature Principle

Answer 2

Laws of nature are forever constant and apply the same way to all matter across both time and space

Question 3

Sciencetific knowledge is tentative because

Answer 3

based on existing observable evidence, which is subject to change

Question 4

Scientific Inquiry depends on this concept

Answer 4

positivism

Question 5

Positivism

Answer 5

Assumes persistent patterns or regularity in phenomenon being studied

Question 6

Which field of science is positivism challenged in

Answer 6

social sciences, because they believe you can not generalize free will

Question 7

Determinism

Answer 7

Events are bound by causality

Question 8

Durkheim

Answer 8

said social phenomena can be studied like physical phenomena

Question 9

Max Weber

Answer 9

Believes there is rationale behind human action

Question 10

Many social scientists take an ____ approach to social phenomena

Answer 10

intermediate, believe it can be somewhat explained and predicted but always subject to change

Question 11

Rationalism

Answer 11

Logic is the source of knowledge

Question 12

Empiricism

Answer 12

Observation or experimentation lead to knowledge

Question 13

Superior theories are

Answer 13

1. efficient, 2. accurate 3. comprehensive (cover a lot)

Question 14

Deductive process

Answer 14

Theory as guidance for research (data categories determined beforehand)

Question 15

Inductive Process

Answer 15

research as guidance to theory (categories identified during data analysis)

Question 16

Only way scientists can modify/construct scientific theories?

Answer 16

empirical evidence

Question 17

Nonempircial evidence includes

Answer 17

common sense, tradition, intuition

Question 18

Empiricism means problems/issues must be ____

Answer 18

observable

Question 19

Empircism means problems/issues must be

Answer 19

observable

Question 20

Scientific inquiry has to do with what ____, not what _________

Answer 20

what is, not what should be

Question 21

Objectivity can be achieved through…

Answer 21

Double Blind
Peer Review: other researchers agree on research finding

Question 22

Institutional Review Board

Answer 22

Reviews research plans w/ respect to ethical implications and make recommendations for compliance with appripriate standards

Question 23

Some ethical considerations

Answer 23

Voluntary compliance
Right to Service
Confidentiality
Informed consent: fully aware of risks

Question 24

Confirmation bias

Answer 24

tendency for people to favor info confirming/strengthening their beliefs

Question 25

6 steps of theory construction

Answer 25

1. topic 2. assumptions 3. range of phenomena 4. major concepts 5. proposition/hypotheses 6. theory

Question 26

proposition

Answer 26

statement about one or more concepts or variables, building blocks of theories

Question 27

hypothesis

Answer 27

testable proposition that predict relationship between two or more variables

Question 28

Intervening variable

Answer 28

can explain some part of relationship between X and Y (comes in between them)

Question 29

Antecedent variable (confounding)

Answer 29

creates spurious relationship between x and y, impacts both of them

Question 30

suppressor variable

Answer 30

conceals relationship between two variables

Question 31

three basic requisites to causul relationship

Answer 31

statistical association sequence of influence/ cause - effect sequence nonspuriousness: correlation between variables cannot be explained by extraneous variable

Question 32

Applied social science research like HSR comes from ______ needs, not ______ development. Aims to solve a _______

Answer 32

practical needs, not theory development. Aims to solve a real-life problem

Question 33

Correlation is a case of association, can be...

Answer 33

positive (direct) or negative (inverse)

Question 34

HSR Defintion

Answer 34

Examines how access, cost, and outcome of health care (organization, provision, quality, how to improve care)

Question 35

AHRQ

Answer 35

Agency for healthcare research and quality

Question 36

AHRQ mission

Answer 36

conduct research and provide evidence to make healthcare safer and higher quality

Question 37

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)

Answer 37

Information on inpatient stays, ambulatory surgery and services visits, and emergency department encounters. Enables study of health care delivery and patient outcomes over time, and at the national, regional, State, and community levels.

Question 38

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Answer 38

Measuring how Americans use and pay for medical care, health insurance, and out-of-pocket spending. Annual surveys of individuals and families, as well as their health care providers, provide data on health status, the use of medical services, charges, insurance coverage, and satisfaction with care.

Question 39

Factors contributing to more HSR

Answer 39

more fed gov rise of managed care drive to quality and outcome

Question 40

4 major characteristics of HSR

Answer 40

scientific interdisciplinary pop. based applied

Question 42

HSR practitioners are mostly ______ scientists

Answer 42

social

Question 43

HSR tries/should to take on _____ perspective

Answer 43

multidisciplinary

Question 44

HSR focuses on ______ rather than individuals, differentiating them from other health-related research

Answer 44

populations

Question 45

clinical = biomedical = environmental = epidemiological =

Answer 45

individual sub-individual environmental population, but drawn from individual environmental

Question 46

Applied Practice: 2 attributes

Answer 46

1. practical and problem solving 2. priorities established by health services/societal concerns

Question 47

Ultimate goal of HSR

Answer 47

improve pop. health status

Question 48

Process of HSR

Answer 48

Conceptualization Groundwork Methods Design Sampling Measurement Data Collection Data processing Data Analysis Application