Chapter 1

Question 1

chemical substances in food that contributes to health

Answer 1

nutrients

Question 2

science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease; and the process by which the organism (body) ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances

Answer 2

nutrition

Question 3

to be considered an essential nutrient, a substance must have these characteristics:

Answer 3

1. have a specific biological function
2. cause a decline in normal human biological function, such as the normal functions of the blood cells or nervous system
3. restore normal human biological function that was impaired by its absence if returned to diet

Question 4

nutrients can be assigned to 3 functional categories

Answer 4

1. those that primarily provide energy
2. those that are important for growth and development
3. those that regulate body processes and keep body functions running smoothly

Question 5

Energy providing nutrients

Answer 5

• most carbohydrates
• proteins
• most lipids

Question 6

nutrients that promote growth and development

Answer 6

• proteins
• lipids
• some vitamins
• some minerals
• water

Question 7

nutrients that regulate body processes

Answer 7

• proteins
• some lipids
• some vitamins
• some minerals
• water

Question 8

nutrient needed in gram quantities in the diet

Answer 8

macronutrient

Question 9

nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet

Answer 9

micronutrient

Question 10

Carbohydrates are composed of the elements:

Answer 10

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 11

Dietary sources of carbohydrates

Answer 11

fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and sugars

Question 12

simple carbohydrates

Answer 12

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 13

complex carbohydrates

Answer 13

fiber, starch, glycogen

Question 14

carbohydrates energy yield (kcal/g)

Answer 14

4 kcal/g

Question 15

lipids energy yield (kcal/g)

Answer 15

9 kcal/g

Question 16

major form of fat in foods and a key energy source for the body

Answer 16

triglyceride

Question 17

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 17

tend to be healthier - liquid at room temp

Question 18

saturated fatty acids

Answer 18

many animal fats are rich in saturated fats (solid at room temp); raises blood cholesterol

Question 19

unsaturated fatty acids that are essential nutrients

Answer 19

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

Question 20

unsaturated fats that have been processed to change their structure from typical cis form to trans form

Answer 20

trans fatty acids

Question 21

proteins composed of these elements

Answer 21

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 22

main structural material in the body

Answer 22

protein

Question 23

protein energy yield (kcal/g)

Answer 23

4 kcal/g

Question 24

how many essential amino acids are found in food (out of 20)

Answer 24

9 essential amino acids

Question 25

the main function of vitamins

Answer 25

to enable many chemical reactions to occur in the body

Question 26

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 26

vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 27

water soluble vitamins

Answer 27

vitamin C and B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, and vitamin B12)

Question 28

____-soluble vitamins are excreted from the body much more readily

Answer 28

water-soluble vitamins

Question 29

structurally very simple, inorganic substances

Answer 29

minerals

Question 30

substances that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure

Answer 30

organic compound

Question 31

substance lacking carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure

Answer 31

inorganic substance

Question 32

minerals ____ destroyed during cooking

Answer 32

are not destroyed - elements

Question 33

mineral energy yield

Answer 33

0 kcal/g

Question 34

Minerals needed daily in gram amounts

Answer 34

major minerals

Question 35

major minerals examples

Answer 35

sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorus

Question 36

minerals needed in amounts of less than 100 milligrams daily

Answer 36

trace minerals

Question 37

trace minerals examples

Answer 37

iron, zinc, copper, selenium

Question 38

water is a (organic/inorganic) molecule

Answer 38

inorganic

Question 39

function of water

Answer 39

- acts as a solvent and lubricant - acts as a medium for transporting nutrients to cells

Question 40

physiologically active compounds in plants that may provide health benefits

Answer 40

phytochemical

Question 41

physiological active compounds in foods of animal origin that may provide health benefits

Answer 41

zoochemical

Question 42

foods that provide health benefits beyond those supplied by the traditional nutrients they contain

Answer 42

functional food

Question 43

alcohol energy yield (kcal/g)

Answer 43

7 kcal/g

Question 44

heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 L) of water 1 degree celsius

Answer 44

Calorie / Kilocalorie

Question 45

primarily physiological drive for food

Answer 45

hunger

Question 46

either overnutrition or undernutrition

Answer 46

malnutrition

Question 47

state in which body tissues have enough of a nutrient to support normal functions and to build and maintain surplus stores

Answer 47

desirable nutritional status

Question 48

failing health that results from a longstanding dietary intake that does not meet nutritional needs

Answer 48

undernutrition

Question 49

state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

Answer 49

overnutrition