Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Horse used for riding racing driving showing or utility on a farm . Posses high speed
A
Light horse
2
Q
Large breed of horse used for work
A
Draft horse
3
Q
Country where horse is used as a source of meat for human consumption
A
Europe
4
Q
Height of ponies
A
14 hands and 2 inches height at shoulder
5
Q
Breeds of horses in India
A
9 out of which 6 are well recognised
6
Q
Horse breed of Rajasthan
A
Marwari
7
Q
Horse breed of Gujarat
A
Kathiawari
8
Q
Horse breed of Himachal Pradesh
A
Spiti
9
Q
Horse breed of Ladakh
A
Zanskari
10
Q
Horse breed of Manipur
A
Manipuri
11
Q
Horse breed of Sikkim , Darjeeling , Arunachal and Bhutan
A
Bhutia
12
Q
Exotic horse breeds in India
A
English Thoroughbred
Connemara
Haflinger
Water
Arab
Polish
13
Q
Andhiyur annual shandy means
A
Andhiyur horse market in Tamil Naidu
14
Q
Digestive nature of horse
A
Fleet footed specialised herbivore
15
Q
Percentage weight of digestive tract as compared to whole body weight
A
Sheep = 37.5 %
Cattle = 45%
Dogs = 3.7%
Humans = 8%
Pigs = 14%
Horses= 20%
16
Q
Feed stays in rumen and reticulum for
A
5 to 7 days
17
Q
Which animal derives highest proportion of energy from a given weight of fibrous feed
A
Ruminant
18
Q
Length of digestive system or alimentary canal of horse
A
100 feet
19
Q
Time taken by feed to reach from mouth to Anus in ruminants
A
72 to 96 hours
36 to 48 hours in horses
20
Q
Two functional parts of horses digestive tract
A
Foregut
Hindgut
21
Q
Ruminants are which type of fermenters
A
Foregut fermenters
22
Q
Horses are what type of fermenters
A
Hindgut fermenters
23
Q
Foregut of horse function as of
A
Pig
24
Q
Hindgut of horse function as of
A
Ruminants
25
In feed utilisation horse is in between
Pigs and ruminants
26
Animal with mobile nostrils
Horse
27
Prehensile organ of horse
Upper lip
28
Bone like substance over dentine of tooth is formed by
Cement like substance silica in feed of horse
29
High crowned teeth’s of horses grows for a period of
Throughout the life
30
Digestion in horses converts herbage into
Pulp
31
Anaerobic bacteria in stomach of horse
Lactobacillus and streptococcus
32
Bacteria in mucosa and lumen of duodenum jejunum and ileum are
Viable bacteria with proteolytic activity in horses
33
Bacteria in mucosa and lumen of duodenum jejunum and ileum are
Viable bacteria with proteolytic activity
34
Glands in large intestine of horses secrete which enzyme
Only mucus and no digestive enzyme
35
Type of bacteria in caecum of horse
Cellulolytic are more in caecum than colon
Glucolytic
36
Most of the digestion of proteins in horses takes place in
Small intestine
37
How much proteolytic bacteria are in the large intestine
20 percent so protein digestion too takes place in large intestine of horse
38
Methanogen population in caecum of horse
10 power 5 per ml
39
Percentage of archae in horses digestive system
3.5%
40
Two functions of methanogens in horses
1) Removes excess hydrogen via anaerobic metabolism
2) favours growth of fermentative bacteria
41
Function of acetogenic bacteria in horses
Converts H2 and CO2 into ACETATE
42
Function of protozoa in caecum of horses
Assist degradation of hemicellulose and pectins
43
Defaunation in horses results in
Decrease in digestibility
44
Prebiotics are used in horse to keep
Balanced microbial population in Hindgut eg stress due to starch overload in diet
45
Prebiotic used in horse
Short chain fructose oligosaccharide
46
In terms of digestive system horse is
Monogastric hindgut fermenter
47
Saliva produced by horse per day
10 to 12 liters
48
Length of oesophagus of horse
1 to 1.5 meters
49
Section of horses stomach where oesophagus enters
Oesophageal section
50
Glands are present in which section of horses stomach which secrete pepsin and other proteolytic enzymes
Pyloric part
51
Food stays in anaerobic funding section for how much time
2 to 6 hours
52
Foregut of horse consists of which parts of the digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach which constitute 8% to digestive system
Small intestine which constitute 30% of small intestine
53
Stomach capacity of a mature cow is how much times more than capacity of a mature horse
10 times out of
54
Hindgut of horse consists of
Large intestine which constitute 60% to 62%
55
Large intestine of horse consists of
Caecum which constitute 15% of digestive tract
Colon which constitute 47% of digestive tract
56
Enzymatic breakdown and absorption of digesta in horse takes place in
Small intestine
57
When carbohydrates are converted into lactic acid then ph
Ph decreases to 2.6
58
Ph in duodenum
7 to 7.4 by bile secreted from liver
59
Carbohydrates are converted into lactic acid in horse by which enzymes
a- amylase
ot- glucosidase
60
Digesta reaches to caecum after how much time of feeding
3 hours
61
Fermentation of feed in caecum of horse is for
36 to 48 hours
62
Caecum of 25 to 35 L has how many valves
2 valves
63
Caecum of 25 to 35 L has how many valves
2 valves
64
Via Ist valve of caecum
Ileum enters
65
Via Ist valve of caecum
Ileum enters
66
2nd valve in caecum of horse leads to
Colon
67
When motility and capacity of caecum increases and why
During feeding it increases to optimise the interaction between bacteria and ingesta
68
pH of caecum and colon is
6
69
pH of caecum and colon is
6
70
pH = 6 in colon is optimal for
Anaerobic bacteria , fungi and Protozoa
They degrade hemicellulose and pectins
71
Cellulose is fermented and vitamin B and K are synthesised in which part of horse
Hindgut
72
Excess quantity feed with high starch in hindgut favours
Growth of amylolytic bacteria
73
What happens due to growth of amylolytic bacteria
Increase in VFAs , lactic acid production leading to decrease in pH
74
Effect of accumulation of lactic acid
Damage to intestinal mucosa
Increased permeability to toxins
Development of laminitis
75
Decrease in ph of hindgut of horse below 6 leads to
Colic and anorexia
76
Growth of which microorganisms decreases when ph drops below 6 in horses
Fiber fermenting microbes
Ruminococcus albus
Fibrobacter succinogenes
77
On decrease in ph below 6 number of which microbes increases
Acidophiles number increases
Streptococcus bovis
Lactobacillus species
Mitzuokella species
78
Decrease in ph of hindgut in horse leads to
Acidosis and development to colic and anorexia
79
Drop in ph below 5.8 for extended period in hindgut of horse cause
Damage to epithelial lining and less absorption
80
What happens if carbohydrate content in feed of horse is too low
Non lactic acid bacteria will dominate
Ph increases
VFAs and CO2 are produced
81
Caecum of foal becomes fully functional until it is about
15 to 24 months old
82
Caecum of foal becomes fully functional until it is about
15 to 24 months old
83
Starch in fundic region horses stomach is converted to lactic acid by which bacteria
Lactobacilli
Streptococci
84
Residual carbohydrates are fermented in
Hindgut of horse
85
Lactic acid is is not well absorbed in which part of horses digestive tract
Small intestine.
86
Lactic acid from small intestine to hindgut of horse is fermented to
Propionate
87
Normal blood glucose level of horse
4.4 to 4.7 milli mole per liters
88
Excessive starch in feed of horse increases blood glucose level from
4.4-4.7 to more than 6.5 mol/l after 2 hours of feeding
89
Excessive starch in feed of horse increases blood glucose level from
4.4-4.7 to more than 6.5 mol/l after 2 hours of feeding
90
Critical capacity for hydrolysable carbohydrate overload in horse ranges from
0.2% to 0.4 %
91
Starch intake in horse should be limited to
1 to 1.5 grams per kg of body weight per day
92
Colic can occur if blood glucose concentrations are greater than
200 mg per decilitre
93
Cellulose in hindgut is fermented to which VFAs by bacteria
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
94
Cellulose in hindgut is fermented to which VFAs by bacteria
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
95
Amount of VFAs produced by horses per kg of body weight
1 grams
96
What harm does unabsorbed levels of VFA cause
Decrease ph in lower intestine
Decrease growth of fibrolytic microbes eg Salmonella sp and Ecoli
97
What type of horse can digest the lactose
Young horse within the age of 3 years
98
Horses older than 3 years posses what type of lactase activity
Limited lactase activity
99
Horse is how much efficient as ruminants in digestion of hay
Only 2/3 efficient as ruminants in digestion of hay
100
Horse posses better digestion of what type of forage
High quality forage
101
Horse is close to ruminants in digestion of
High quality Lucerne hay
102
VFAs in horse are produced in
Caecum of horse due to microbial action
103
How much energy need of horse is satisfied by VFAs
One fourth ie 25%
104
What happens to VFAs production with high grain diet
Total VFA concentration decreases
% of acetic acid decrease
But levels of propionic , isovalericand Valerie acid increase
105
Glucose derived from which carbohydrate enters to portal vein
Non structural carbohydrates like in forages grains etc
106
VFAs produced in caecum from which type of carbohydrate and are absorbed in hindgut of horse
Structural carbohydrates
107
Plasma glucose concentration in horse is in between
Ruminants and simple stomach omnivores
108
Plasma glucose concentration in horse is in between
Ruminants and simple stomach omnivores
