Chapter 1

Question 1

Who was the first recorded physician?

Answer 1

Imhotep

Question 2

Who was the “Father of Western medicine”

Answer 2

Hippocrates

Question 3

Who was the father of toxicology

Answer 3

Paracelsus

Question 4

What did Paracelsus say about drugs being poison

Answer 4

The dose makes the poison

Question 5

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

What the drug does to the body

Question 6

Define pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

(ADME) What the body does to the drug
(Half life of the drug, can it cross BBB)

Question 7

Define pharmacogenomics

Answer 7

Looks at genetic profile to determine how you will respond to a drug

Question 8

Define agonist

Answer 8

Drug molecule that binds to and activates receptor

Question 9

Define antagonist

Answer 9

Antagonist blocks the endogenous ligand from binding or it blocks that receptor from functioning

Question 10

What is the difference between toxins and poisons?

Answer 10

Poisons are non-biologic (arsenic or lead)

Toxins are biological substances (puffer fish or mushrooms)

Question 11

Define toxicology

Answer 11

Study of the side effects and adverse effects of chemicals on living systems

Question 12

Define allosteric molecules

Answer 12

Drug molecules that bind to the same receptor as agonists and may enhance or inhibit action of agonist molecule. Non competitive, doesn’t bind to same site as agonist

Question 13

Orthosteric molecules

Answer 13

Drug molecules that binds to same active site as agonist. Usually competitive

Question 14

What causes drugs to interact with their receptors. (Physical traits)

Answer 14

-size
-shape
-atomic composition
-electrical charge

Drugs can be solid, liquid or gas

Question 15

Describe the relative bond strengths

Answer 15

Covalent: strongest bond
Electrostatic: hydrogen bonding, van der waal forces (middle)
Hydrophobic- weakest

Question 16

Define racemic mixture and correlate stereoisomerism and differences in drug effects

Answer 16

A racemic mixture is the combination of several different optical isomers. Stereoisomers have the same chemical makeup but will have different effects.
(S ketamine and R ketamine)

Question 17

Define receptor

Answer 17

Receptor is a target molecule in the body that interacts with a drug molecule

Question 18

Define receptor site

Answer 18

Active site of a receptor that a ligand binds to

Question 19

Describe competitive inhibitor

Answer 19

It’s an antagonist and increasing the agonist can overcome its effects

Question 20

Describe allosteric inhibitor

Answer 20

Allosteric inhibitor binds to the receptor outside of the active site and increasing agonist does not have any effects

Question 21

What is Bmax?

Answer 21

Maximum binding to receptor

Question 22

What is Kd

Answer 22

Drug concentration at which 50% of receptors are bound

Question 23

What is Emax?

Answer 23

Point where maximum drug effect is seen

Question 24

What is EC50

Answer 24

Concentration where 50% effect is seen

Question 25

Describe physiologic antagonism

Answer 25

Two drugs acting on different receptors that cause opposite effects on the body

Question 26

What is potency. What does it do on a graph?

Answer 26

Amount of drug needed to produce an effect. A drug with lower EC50 has a higher potency

Question 27

Describe efficacy. How is it represented on the graph?

Answer 27

Efficacy is the max effect that a drug will produce regardless of dose. It is Emax on the dose-response curve

Question 28

Partial agonist

Answer 28

Produces a lower response at full receptor occupancy

Question 29

How can a partial agonist also be an antagonist?

Answer 29

By binding to the site it prevents a full agonist from binding

Question 30

Describe Inverse agonist and the effect it has

Answer 30

Receptor favors inactive form, increasing the time the receptor spends in inactive form. Has opposite effect of the conventional agonist