Chapter 1

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

The scientific study of organisms, living and fossil

Question 2

Nucleic acids

Answer 2

(DNA/RNA) that reproduce themselves and serves as templates of protein synthesis

Question 3

Prokaryotes

Answer 3

Single celled, two main groups emerged early: bacteria and archaea

Question 4

Eukaryotes

Answer 4

Membrane-enclosed organelles, emerged much later, the nucleus contains the genetic information

Question 5

Photosynthesis

Answer 5

2.5 billion years ago, transforms light energy into chemical energy, food for organisms

Question 6

cyanobacteria

Answer 6

(prokaryotes), create more oxygen than trees

Question 7

nucleus

Answer 7

contains the genetic information

Question 8

aerobic metabolism

Answer 8

more efficient, uses a lot of oxygen

Question 9

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 9

fermentation; does not use oxygen

Question 10

cell specialization

Answer 10

allowed multicellular organisms to get larger and become more efficient at gathering resources and adapting to specific environments

Question 11

tissue

Answer 11

a group of similar cells

Question 12

organs

Answer 12

developed by different tissue types

Question 13

organ systems

Answer 13

grouped by the organs

Question 14

homeostasis

Answer 14

regulate their internal environments

Question 15

community

Answer 15

all organisms (living things) in an ecosystem

Question 16

ecosystem

Answer 16

all living and nonliving things in a particular area

Question 17

biomes

Answer 17

major ecosystems with distinctive physical features and communities
Ex: arctic tundra, coral reefs, tropical rainforest

Question 18

biosphere

Answer 18

all environments (everything) on earth

Question 19

genes

Answer 19

inherited traits; segments of DNA that encode information

Question 20

genome

Answer 20

sum total of all the DNA molecules in an organism

Question 21

nucleotide sequences

Answer 21

determine the amino acid sequence in proteins

Question 22

population

Answer 22

all individuals of a species in a particular area

Question 23

evolution

Answer 23

core theme of biology; the process of change that has transformed life on earth

Question 24

charles darwin

Answer 24

compiled factual evidence for evolution and proposed that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor

Question 25

natural selection

Answer 25

differential survival and reproduction in a population

Question 26

adaptions

Answer 26

structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism's chances of survival and reproduction

Question 27

binomial

Answer 27

each species distinct scientific name

Question 28

genus

Answer 28

group of species that share a recent common ancestor

Question 29

phylogenic tree

Answer 29

illustrates the evolutionary histories of different groups

Question 30

characteristics shared among living things

Answer 30

-made up of cells -uses molecules from the environment to synthesize new molecules -extract energy from the environment and use it to do work -internal environment regulation - contain genetic information to develop, function, and reproduce - Evolutionary adaption - growth and development

Question 31

How old is earth?

Answer 31

Earth is about 4.6 billion years old

Question 32

When did life on earth appear?

Answer 32

Life appeared about 4 billion years ago

Question 33

An abundance of O2 led to the evolution of

Answer 33

Aerobic eukaryotes

Question 34

cell

Answer 34

life's fundamental unit of structure and function (cells are alive)

Question 35

Organelles

Answer 35

A structural component of a cell (building blocks of a cell)

Question 36

The scientific method

Answer 36

- Make observations - Ask questions - Form hypothesis - Make predictions - Test the predictions

Question 37

Controlled experiments

Answer 37

Manipulate one factor while holding all other variables constant

Question 38

Comparative experiments

Answer 38

Compare data gathered from populations that differ in multiple ways

Question 39

Model systems

Answer 39

Using one type of organism to understand others

Question 40

Explain why experiments of different kinds of animals may have relevance for understanding human biology

Answer 40

Animals are biologically very similar to humans and are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans