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Chapter 1 Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of organisms, living and fossil

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2
Q

Nucleic acids

A

(DNA/RNA) that reproduce themselves and serves as templates of protein synthesis

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single celled, two main groups emerged early: bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles, emerged much later, the nucleus contains the genetic information

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5
Q

Photosynthesis

A

2.5 billion years ago, transforms light energy into chemical energy, food for organisms

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6
Q

cyanobacteria

A

(prokaryotes), create more oxygen than trees

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7
Q

nucleus

A

contains the genetic information

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8
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

more efficient, uses a lot of oxygen

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9
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

fermentation; does not use oxygen

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10
Q

cell specialization

A

allowed multicellular organisms to get larger and become more efficient at gathering resources and adapting to specific environments

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11
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells

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12
Q

organs

A

developed by different tissue types

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13
Q

organ systems

A

grouped by the organs

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14
Q

homeostasis

A

regulate their internal environments

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15
Q

community

A

all organisms (living things) in an ecosystem

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16
Q

ecosystem

A

all living and nonliving things in a particular area

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17
Q

biomes

A

major ecosystems with distinctive physical features and communities
Ex: arctic tundra, coral reefs, tropical rainforest

18
Q

biosphere

A

all environments (everything) on earth

19
Q

genes

A

inherited traits; segments of DNA that encode information

20
Q

genome

A

sum total of all the DNA molecules in an organism

21
Q

nucleotide sequences

A

determine the amino acid sequence in proteins

22
Q

population

A

all individuals of a species in a particular area

23
Q

evolution

A

core theme of biology; the process of change that has transformed life on earth

24
Q

charles darwin

A

compiled factual evidence for evolution and proposed that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor

25
natural selection
differential survival and reproduction in a population
26
adaptions
structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism's chances of survival and reproduction
27
binomial
each species distinct scientific name
28
genus
group of species that share a recent common ancestor
29
phylogenic tree
illustrates the evolutionary histories of different groups
30
characteristics shared among living things
-made up of cells -uses molecules from the environment to synthesize new molecules -extract energy from the environment and use it to do work -internal environment regulation - contain genetic information to develop, function, and reproduce - Evolutionary adaption - growth and development
31
How old is earth?
Earth is about 4.6 billion years old
32
When did life on earth appear?
Life appeared about 4 billion years ago
33
An abundance of O2 led to the evolution of
Aerobic eukaryotes
34
cell
life's fundamental unit of structure and function (cells are alive)
35
Organelles
A structural component of a cell (building blocks of a cell)
36
The scientific method
- Make observations - Ask questions - Form hypothesis - Make predictions - Test the predictions
37
Controlled experiments
Manipulate one factor while holding all other variables constant
38
Comparative experiments
Compare data gathered from populations that differ in multiple ways
39
Model systems
Using one type of organism to understand others
40
Explain why experiments of different kinds of animals may have relevance for understanding human biology
Animals are biologically very similar to humans and are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans