Chapter 1 Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
- in 1807, he proposed that
compounds derived from living things
were organic and that all others were
inorganic - coined the term “organic chemistry”
A
Jöns Jācob Berzelius
2
Q
- sometimes called “vitalism”
- vital means life force
- organic compounds could be produced only
within living systems. - Living things
possessed a vital force as a result of their
origin in living sources.
A
Vital force theory
3
Q
- In 1828, the Vital Force Theory was
disproved synthesized urea, an organic substance. - found in urine of mammals, from
inorganic starting materials (ammonium
cyanate) without using living organisms.
A
Friedrich Wöhler
4
Q
- the study of the compounds of carbon
- refers to the study of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon
and hydrogen) and their derivatives
A
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
5
Q
- is a field which provides a host of
organic chemicals for use in every area of modern living.
A
Modern Organic Chemistry
6
Q
The reason why carbon is so special
A
- non-metallic element
- sixth most abundant element in the universe, second most common element in the human
body after oxygen. - present in all living organisms like
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
major chemical constituent of most organic
matter
7
Q
- with the valency of four, carbon is
capable of bonding with four other
atoms
A
Tetravalent/Tetravalency
8
Q
- atoms are most stable when their
valence shells are filled with eight
electrons
A
Octet rule
9
Q
- self-linking property of an atom
- carbon atoms has a unique ability
to bond together to an extent not
possible for atoms of any other
element - carbon can unite with itself
indefinitely due to its tetravalent
nature
A
Catenation
10
Q
- characteristic structural units
- cannot be overstated.
A functional group determines all the following properties
of a molecule:
• bonding and shape
• type and strength of intermolecular forces
• physical properties
• nomenclature
• chemical reactivity
A
Functional groups
11
Q
- it was something Friedrich Wöhler synthesized using inorganic materials
- organic component of the urine of animals
- H2NCONH2
A
Urea
12
Q
Meaning of IUPAC
A
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
13
Q
- general system of nomenclature
systematic method of naming organic
compounds - advantage: name and structural formula
- three parts: PREFIX, PARENT and SUFFIX
A
The IUPAC System
14
Q
- CnH2n+2
- single bonds
- saturated hydrocarbon
- straight chain
- branched alkane
A
Alkanes
15
Q
- atom or group of atoms attached to a chain (or ring) of carbon atoms (side chains)
A
Substituent
16
Q
- The forces of interaction between molecules or intermolecular forces like London forces, Dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.
A
Van der Waals Forces
17
Q
- exists between an ion and the partial charge on the end of a polar molecule. - Positive ions are attracted to the negative end of a dipole, and vise versa
A
- Ion-Dipole Force
18
Q
- exists between neutral polar molecules. Polar molecules attract each other when the positive end of one molecule is near the negative end of another.
A
Dipole-Dipole Force
19
Q
- Intermolecular forces resulting from attractions between induced dipoles.
- was introduced by Fritz London
A
London Dispersion Forces
20
Q
- Intermolecular forces resulting from attractions between induced dipoles.
- was introduced by Fritz London
A
London Dispersion Forces
21
Q
- is a special type of intermolecular attraction that exists between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond
A
Hydrogen bonding
22
Q
- shows the number of each type of atom that is present in the molecule of the compound.
A
Molecular formula
23
Q
- shows the number of each type of atom that is present in the molecule of the compound.
A
Molecular formula
24
Q
- shows the details of the bonding present in the molecule, (i.e., which atoms are connected to which other atom.)
A
Structural Formula
25
Types of structural formula
• Full/Expanded structural formula
• Condensed structural formula
• Skeleton structural formula
• Line structural formula
26
- All the atoms and bonds are indicated.
Full or Expanded Structural Formula
27
- an abbreviated form of writing formulas.
- Shows no bonds
- Shows all carbon-carbon bonds but no carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- ex. CH3CH3
Condensed Structural Formula
28
shows only the carbon atoms in the molecule.
Skeleton Structural Formula
29
- uses lines to show the structure of the compound where;
Line structural formula
30
- compounds that have the same molecular
- formula but different structures
- same collection of atoms
- differ in one or more physical or chemical
properties (color, solubility, rate of
reactions)
Isomers
31
- same molecular formula
- different structures
- differ in connectivity
CONSTITUTIONAL
ISOMERS
32
- same molecular formula
- same order of attachment of atoms
- different 3-D orientation in space
STEREOISOMERS
33
Two types of stereoisomers
• ENANTIOMERS
• DIASTEREOMERS
34
nonsuperimposable or mirror images
ENANTIOMERS
35
- not mirror images
DIASTEREOMERS
36
• molecular formula CnH2n
• contain carbon atoms arranged in a ring
CYCLOALKANE
37
• Cycloalkanes are named by using similar rules,
• but the prefix cyclo- immediately precedes the
name of the parent
NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLOALKANE
38
- from greek "cheir" meaning hand
Chiral
39
- from greek "cheir" meaning hand
Chiral
