Chapter 1

Question 1

Define gross anatomy

Answer 1

the approach of anatomy that focuses on naming and describing relationships among the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye

Question 2

List the four principal tissues found in the body and describe the general function of each

Answer 2

epithelia - covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection + forms glands
connective tissue - collections of cells, fibers, and ground substance that provide support for other tissues and structures in the body
muscle tissue - generates mechanical force to allow movement of the body or movement of contents in hollow organs
nervous tissue - provides the structures for long-distance communication within the body by transmitting electrical signals from the nervous system to organs

Question 3

Describe the functions of epithelial tissue and list where it is located

Answer 3

covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection (e.g. the skin) and forms glands; it is located lining the walls of open tubes, where it is aligned on a basement membrane and provides a secretory (outward) and/or absorptive (inward) surface

Question 4

List the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 4

skeletal (moves body), cardiac (pumps blood), and smooth muscle (moves contents in hollow organs or controls constriction and dilation of arteries)

Question 5

Define tissue

Answer 5

anatomically similar cells that work together to serve a shared function

Question 6

Define organ

Answer 6

tissues that are bundled together and folded into a three-dimensional shape (usually tube like) that perform a function

Question 7

Define organ system

Answer 7

organs that work together to serve a larger function for the body

Question 8

Describe anatomical position using anatomical terminology

Answer 8

individual is erect with eyes looking forward, upper limbs hanging by sides, elbows, wrists, and fingers extended, forearms are supinated (so palms of hands face forward), lower limbs extended, knees straight, feet together and flat on the floor with toes forward, penis erect (in males)

Question 9

Describe the supine body position

Answer 9

patient is lying on their back

Question 10

Describe the prone body position

Answer 10

patient is lying face down

Question 11

Explain the perspective used when applying the terms “left” and “right” to describe bilateral structures. Example: the “left hand.”

Answer 11

left and right from the perspective of the patient

Question 12

Describe the location of and identify the cervical body region

Answer 12

neck

Question 12

Describe the location of and identify the cephalic body region

Answer 12

head

Question 13

Describe the location of and identify the buccal body region

Answer 13

cheek area

Question 14

Describe the location of and identify the otic body region

Answer 14

ear

Question 15

Describe the location of and identify the mental body region

Answer 15

chin

Question 16

Describe the location of and identify the acromial body region

Answer 16

shoulder region

Question 17

Describe the location of and identify the axillary body region

Answer 17

armpit

Question 18

Describe the location of and identify the brachial body region

Answer 18

portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow

Question 19

Describe the location of and identify the antebrachial body region

Answer 19

portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist

Question 20

Describe the location of and identify the palmar body region

Answer 20

palm of hand (front of hand)

Question 21

Describe the location of and identify the pollex body region

Answer 21

thumb

Question 22

Describe the location of and identify the mammary body region

Answer 22

location of breast tissue and the pectoral muscles

Question 23

Describe the location of and identify the sternal body region

Answer 23

center of the chest overlying the breastbone

Question 24

Describe the location of and identify the abdominal body region

Answer 24

portion of the torso between the bottom of the rib cage and top of the pelvis

Question 24

Describe the location of and identify the inguinal body region

Answer 24

junction between torso and thigh (commonly called “groin”)

Question 25

Describe the location of and identify the pelvic body region

Answer 25

pelvis

Question 26

Describe the location of and identify the crural body region

Answer 26

portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle

Question 26

Describe the location of and identify the femoral body region

Answer 26

portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee

Question 27

Describe the location of and identify the pedal body region

Answer 27

foot

Question 28

Describe the location of and identify the hallux body region

Answer 28

great (big) toe

Question 29

Describe the location of and identify the lumbar body region

Answer 29

lower back (between bottom of rib cage and top of pelvis)

Question 30

Describe the location of and identify the gluteal body region

Answer 30

buttocks

Question 31

Describe the location of and identify the sural body region

Answer 31

posterior surface (back) of leg (commonly called “calf”)

Question 31

Describe the location of and identify the popliteal body region

Answer 31

posterior surface (back) of knee

Question 32

Define the distal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 32

parts of limbs located further away from the trunk/body The wrist is distal from the elbow.

Question 33

Describe the location of and identify the plantar body region

Answer 33

sole (bottom) of foot

Question 34

Define the inferior (caudal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 34

closer to or moving towards the feet The feet are inferior to the stomach.

Question 35

Define the anterior (ventral) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 35

towards or located on the front surface of the body The nose is anterior to the spinal column.

Question 36

Define the posterior (dorsal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 36

towards or located on the back surface of the body The spinal column is posterior to the mouth.

Question 37

Define the superior (cranial) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 37

closer to or moving towards the head The mouth is superior to the rib cage.

Question 38

Define the medial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 38

closer to or moving towards the midline The eyes are medial to the ears.

Question 39

Define the proximal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 39

parts of limbs located closer to the trunk/body The knee is proximal to the ankle.

Question 39

Define the lateral spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 39

further away or moving away from the midline The ears are lateral to the nose.

Question 40

Define the superficial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 40

located to or closer to the external surface of the body The skin is superficial to muscles.

Question 41

Define the sagittal anatomical plane

Answer 41

divides the body into right and left sections

Question 41

Define the deep spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

Answer 41

located further away from the external surface of the body The bones are deep to the skin.

Question 42

Define the frontal (coronal) anatomical plane

Answer 42

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Question 43

Define the transverse (horizontal) anatomical plane

Answer 43

divides the body into upper/superior and lower/inferior sections

Question 44

Define the oblique anatomical plane

Answer 44

planes that pass through the body at an angle

Question 45

Describe the difference between a midsagittal plane and a (para)sagittal plane

Answer 45

midsagittal - the plane that divides the body directly in half parasagittal - any sagittal plane that is not at the midline

Question 46

Specify the four abdominal quadrants and the planes used to create them

Answer 46

Planes: median and transumbilical planes Quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Question 47

Describe the location and identify the pleural cavity

Answer 47

the reflections of the pleura within the pulmonary cavity (which contain a lung)

Question 47

Specify the nine abdominal regions and the planes that create them

Answer 47

Planes: left midclavicular plane, right midclavicular plane, subcostal plane, transtubercular plane Regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Question 48

Describe the location and identify the thoracic cavity

Answer 48

anterior body cavity that is superior to the diaphragm; divides into the pericardial, pleural, and superior mediastinum cavities

Question 48

Describe the location and identify the anterior (ventral) body cavity

Answer 48

frontal body cavity; divides into the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 49

Describe the location and identify the pericardial cavity

Answer 49

located between the heart and the neighboring pleura of the pulmonary cavity; the reflection of the pericardium within the mediastinum

Question 50

Describe the location and identify the posterior (dorsal) body cavity

Answer 50

back body cavity; divides into the cranial and spinal cavities

Question 50

Describe the location and identify the superior mediastinum

Answer 50

extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm between the left and right lungs; contains the heart (and its serous membrane), the pericardium, the esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, major blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic structures

Question 51

Describe the location and identify the diaphragm

Answer 51

dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Question 52

Describe the location and identify the abdominal cavity

Answer 52

located below the diaphragm and above the pelvic brim; contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine

Question 53

Describe the location and identify the pelvic cavity

Answer 53

located below the pelvic brim; contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Question 54

Describe the location and identify the cranial cavity

Answer 54

located inside the skull; contains the brain

Question 55

Describe the location and identify the spinal cavity

Answer 55

located within the vertebral column; contains the spinal cord

Question 56

List the three named serous membranes and explain which organs/body regions are associated with each

Answer 56

pericardium - heart pleura - lungs peritoneum - digestive organs