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Anatomy & Phisiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of structure and form.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of function

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3
Q

Inspection

A

Simply looking at the body’s appearance, physical examination with clinical diagnosis.

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4
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands
Ex. Pulse

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5
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body
Ex. Heart, lungs

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6
Q

Percussion

A

The examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance and listens.

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7
Q

Dissection

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships.

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8
Q

Cadaver

A

A dead human body

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9
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.

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10
Q

Exploratory surgery

A

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what is wrong and what can be done

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11
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery (radiology)

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12
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye

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13
Q

Histology

A

The microscope structures of tissues and organs.

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14
Q

Histopathology

A

Is the microscope examination of tissues for signs of disease

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15
Q

Cytology

A

Study of structure and function of individual cells

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16
Q

Ultra structure

A

Fine details of tissue and cell structure, as far down as molecular level

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17
Q

Comparative physiology

A

The study of how different species have solved problems in life

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18
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Nervous system

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19
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones

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20
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanisms of disease

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21
Q

Hippocrates 460 BCE

A

“Father of medicine,” focused on rational natural causes

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22
Q

Aristotle 384 BCE

A

One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology

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23
Q

Metrodora 200 BCE

A

The first woman to publish a medical textbook

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24
Q

Claudius Galen 129 - c

A

Roman Gladiator; wrote most influential medical textbook

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25
Maimonides
Wrote Jewish law and published 10 influential medical books
26
Avicenna
The “Galen of Islam” wrote a book “Canon of medicine”
27
Andres Vesalius 1514
Taught anatomy in Italy, dissected human cadavers proved Galen wrong
28
William Harvey 1578
Remembered for his studies over blood circulation
29
Michael Servetus 1511
Realized that blood must circulate continuously throughout the body
30
Galileo 1564
Patented the compound microscope as a byproduct of-product to telescope
31
Marcello Malpighi 1628
He Observed blood cells capillaries
32
Robert Hooke 1635
He Designed scientific instruments of various kinds
33
Scientific Method
Variable. Certain habits of disciplined creativity careful observation, logical thinking, honest analysis
34
Inductive Method
Process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing prediction
35
Hypothetical - deductive method
Someone asks a question and formulates a hypothesis. (Scientific)
36
Hypothesis
Educated speculation that is consistent with already known and capable of being tested.
37
Falsifiability
If we claim something is scientifically true, we must find evidence to what could prove it wrong.
38
Peer Review
A critical evaluation by other experts in that field.
39
Fact
Information that can be independently verified by any trained person
40
Law of Nature
generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave
41
Theory
Is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis
42
Charles Darwin 1809
This person came up with natural selection; it was his brainchild. He was the most influential biologist who ever lived
43
Evolution
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
44
Selection Pressures
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals Ex. Climate, disease, competition
45
Adaptations
Features of anatomy and physiology and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures
46
Model
An animal species or strand selected for research on a particular problem
47
Vestigial organs
Structures are remnants of organs that apparently were better developed in ancestors
48
Arboreal
Treetop Habit
49
Prehensile
Able to grasp subjects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers
50
Stereoscopic
Depth perception
51
Bipedalism
The habit of walking on two legs; characteristic of family hominid
52
Evolutionary medicine
Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live.
53
Organism
Is a single, complete individual
54
Organ System
Group of organs with a unique collective function. Ex. Circulation respiration
55
Organ
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out function
56
Tissue
Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ
57
Cells
Are the smallest units of an organism that carry out basic functions of life.
58
Organelles
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out individual functions
59
Molecules
Organelles and other cellular components are composed of this
60
Atoms
A molecule is a particle composed of at least two of these, unique chemical identities
61
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its similar components
62
Holism
Is the complementary theory that there are “Emergent properties” of whole organism.
63
Organization
Expending a great deal of energy to maintain order.
64
Cellular composition
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
65
Metabolism
Chemical reactions within a living organism
66
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and react to stimuli
67
Homeostasis
The maintenance of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment
68
Growth and development
Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism
69
Differentiation
The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular class
70
Claude Bernard 1813
He Observed that internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even with external conditions
71
Walter Canon 1871
He coined the term homeostasis
72
Dynamic equilibrium
The internal state of the body (Balanced change)
73
Negative feedback
Bodily change is detected and responses are activated that reverse the change to restore stability
74
Feedback Loops
Feedback mechanisms that alter the original changes that triggered them
75
Receptor
Structure that senses change in the body
76
Integrating center
Is a mechanism that processes this information
77
Effector
Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
78
Positive feedback
Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
79
Gradient
A difference or change in any variable, such as pressure or chemical concentration Ex. Osmosis, gas exchange
80
Concentration Gradients
A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane
81
Eponyms
Terms coined from the name of people
82
Acronyms
Words composed of the first letter, or few letters in a series of words.

Anatomy & Phisiology (3 decks)

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