Chapter 1 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Investigates the body’s structure
- means to dissect or cut apart of the body for study.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
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Developmental anatomy
3
Q
Subspecialty of developmental anatomy considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
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Embryology
4
Q
Structural features of cell
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Cytology
5
Q
Examines tissue, which are composed of cells
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Histology
6
Q
Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of the microscope
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Gross anatomy
7
Q
Group of structures that have one or more common functions.
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System
8
Q
Body studied area by area
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Regional anatomy
9
Q
Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body.
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Surface anatomy
10
Q
Uses xrays , ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , and other technologies to create picture of internal structures.
- it allows medical personnel to look inside the body
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Anatomical imaging
11
Q
Extremely short wave electromagnetic radiation - it forms radiograph, create flat two dimensional ( 2D ) image.
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Xray
12
Q
Uses high frequency sound waves, which strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin. - evaluate fetus during pregnancy
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Ultrasound
13
Q
Computer analyze X-ray images, - short distances apart and stack the slices produce a 3D image of a body part.
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Computer tomography or CT scan
14
Q
Radiopaque dye injected into the blood. One step beyond Ct scan.
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Digital subtraction angiography
15
Q
Directs radio waves at a person. More effective at detecting some forms of cancer than ct scan
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Magnetic resonance imaging
16
Q
Identify the metabolic states of various tissues. Useful in analyzing the brain, pinpoints cells that are metabolically active.
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(Pet) position emission tomographic
17
Q
Physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
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Anatomical anomalies
18
Q
Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
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Physiology
19
Q
2 Major goals of studying physiology
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- Examining the body’s response to stimuli
2.examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions.
20
Q
Processes occurring in cells
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Cell Physiology
21
Q
Considers the function of organ system
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Systematic Physiology
22
Q
Types of systematic physiology are:
A
- Cardiovascular physiology- focuses on the heart and blood vessels
2.neurophysiology- functions of the nervous system
23
Q
Dealing with all aspects of disease
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Patholohgy
24
Q
Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
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Exercise physiology
25
BODY CAN BE STUDIED AT SIX LEVELS OF ORGANISMS:
CHEMICAL
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
WHOLE ORGANISM
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How atoms , such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine to form molecules.
CHEMICAL LEVEL
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Basic and structural and functional units of all living organisms.
Structure inside cells called organelles.
Cell level
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Groups of cells combine to forms . Compose of a group of similar cells
Tissue level
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BODY IS MADE UP OF 4 BASIC TISSUE TYPES:
1.EPITHELIAL
2.CONNECTIVE
3.MUSCLES
4. NERVOUS
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Different tissues combine to form . Composed of two or more tissue types that perform a common functions.
Organ level
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Multiple organs combine to form an . It is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as unit.
Organ System Level
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Any living thing considered as a whole. Whether composed of one cell such as bacterium or of trillions of cells,such as human.
Organism Level
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SIX ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
ORGANIZATION
METABOLISM
RESPONSIVENESS
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT
REPRODUCTION
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refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Organization
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Ability to use energy and to perform other vital functions.It refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism.
METABOLISM
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organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Responsiveness
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increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism
Growth
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changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Involves growth, differentiation and morphogenesis
Development
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involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.
Differentiation
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change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
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formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
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existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
Homeostasis
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Changes in internal body conditions
Variables
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Variables includes:
Body temperature,volume,chemical content, ph of body fluids .
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Narrow range or normal range is
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37.7 degree Celsius
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Average body temperature
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
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Homeostasis is regulated by feedback loops, it allows for a process to be regulated by the outcome.
INFO
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2 TYPES OF FEEDBACK LOOPS:
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK
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TO DECREASE
Negative feedback
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To increase
Positive feedback
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To increase
Positive feedback
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3 components of feedback loop:
Receptor
Control center
Effector
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monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli
Receptor
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part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
Control center
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generates the response
Effector
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Change variable, because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.
Stimulus
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when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative feedback
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Receptors in the skin, monitors body temperature
Thermoreceptors
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Control center is
Hypothalamus
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response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.
means “to increase.
Positive feedback mechanism
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Example of positive feedback is blood loss and birth
Info
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chemical responsible for blood clot formation, called
Thrombin
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Itis means
Inflammation
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refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical position
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Lying upward
Supine
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Lying face downward
Prone
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Toward the right side of the body
Toward the left side of the body
Right and left
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Closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous with superior) Closer to the tail than another structure (usually synonymous with inferior)
Cephalic and caudal
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The front of the body
The back of the body
Anterior and posterior
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Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)
Toward the back (synonymous with posterior)
Ventral and Dorsal
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Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Proximal and Distal
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Away from the midline of the body
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral and Medial
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Toward or on the surface (not shown in figure 1.10)
Away from the surface, internal (not shown in
Superficial and deep
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central region of the body consists of
head, neck, and trunk.
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trunk can be further divided into three regions:
(1) thorax, (2) the abdomen, and (3) the pelvis.
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Chest cavity where the heart and lungs located
Thorax
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Abdomen contains organs such as
Liver, stomach and intestines
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Pelvis contains the
Bladder, and reproductive organs
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Upper limb is divided into
(1) the arm, (2) the forearm, (3) the wrist, and (4) the hand.
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-extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and the -extends from the elbow to the wrist
ARM
FOREARM
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LOWER LIMB IS DIVIDED INTO
THE THIGH, THE LEG, THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT
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-extends from the hip to the knee, and the
- extends from the knee to the ankle.
THIGH
LEG
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QUADRANTS:
-BY TWO IMAGINARY LINES
(1) the right-upper, (2) the left-upper, (3) the right-lower, and (4) the left-lower quadrants.
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Regions:
4 imaginary lines
(1) epigastric, (2) right and left hypochondriac, (3) umbilical, (4) right and left lumbar, (5) hypogastric, and (6) right and left iliac
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divides, or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
Planes
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separates the body or a structure into right and left halves. Sagittal means “ “
Sagittal plane
“The flight of an arrow”
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sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Median plane
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parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse plane
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divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
Frontal(coronal plane)
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cut through the length of the organ is a
Longitudinal section
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cut at a right angle to the length of an organ
Transverse(cross section)
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cut is made across the the length of an organ at other than a right angle, it is called
Oblique section
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TWO TYPES OF INTERNAL CAVITIES:
I) dorsal body cavity
2. Ventral body cavity
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Encloses the organ of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.
Dorsal body cavity
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Houses spinal cord
Vertebral canal
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Houses the brain
Cranial cavity
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Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called:
Meninges
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Houses the vast majority of our internal organs, referred to as viscera
Ventral body cavity
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ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions, which are
1) the thoracic cavity and (2) the abdominopelvic cavity.
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houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.
thoracic cavity
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which encloses a lung and is surrounded by the ribs,
two lateral pleural cavities
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houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.
Medial medistinum
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enclosed by abdominal muscles
Abdominopelvic cavity
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The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the
Peritoneal cavity
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contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen
Abdominal cavity
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continues below the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.
Pelvic cavity
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The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called
Serous membrane
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layer that lines the walls of the cavities
Parietal serous membrane
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layer covering the internal organs (the viscera) is the
visceral serous membrane
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containing the heart, is housed in the mediastinum
visceral serous membrane is called
parietal serous membrane is called
The space between the two pericardial membranes is called
filled with
Pericardial Cavity
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
pericardial fluid
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parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavities is called
the visceral serous membrane covering the lungs is called
The space between the two pleural membranes is called _______ and is filled with
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
pleural fluid
112
pleuron = side of body, rib
peri = around; cardi = heart
peri = around; -tonos = stretched; stretched around)
Pleural cavities
Pericardial cavities
Peritoneal cavities
113
The parietal serous membrane in the peritoneal cavity is called
visceral serous membrane is called the
space between the two serous membranes is the specific location of the ________and is filled with
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
peritoneal fluid
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behind the peritoneum) location and include the kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, a large portion of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, and the urinary bladder
retroperitoneal
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visceral serous membrane is called the
Visceral peritoneum
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The following is a list of the conditions caused by inflammation of the serous membranes:
1. Pericarditis
2. Pleurisy
3. Peritonitis
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The following is a list of the conditions caused by inflammation of the serous membranes:
1. Pericarditis
2. Pleurisy
3. Peritonitis
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an inflammation of the serous pericardium.
Pericarditis
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is a potentially fatal condition in which a large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside
Cardiac tamponade
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inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
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inflammation of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis
