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AP Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

5 unifying themes of biology

A

evolution, information, interactions, organization, E and matter

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3
Q

successive levels of biological organization (largest to smallest)

A

the biosphere
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms
organs
tissues
cells
organelles
molecules

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4
Q

biosphere

A

consists of all life on earth and all the places life exists

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5
Q

ecosystem

A

consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts

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6
Q

communities

A

the array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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7
Q

populations

A

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

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8
Q

organisms

A

individual living things

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9
Q

organs

A

a body part that is made up of multiple tissues, and has a specific function(s) in the body

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10
Q

tissues

A

a group of cells working together, performing a specialized function

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11
Q

cells

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

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12
Q

organelles

A

the various functional components in a cell

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13
Q

molecules

A

a chemical structure consisting of 2+ units (atoms)

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14
Q

reductionism

A

an approach that reduces complex systems into similar components that are more manageable to study

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15
Q

emergent properties

A

new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions or parts at complexity increases

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16
Q

system biology

A

an approach that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a a study of the interactions among the systems parts

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17
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

a type of cell with membrane enclosed organelles and membrane enclosed nucleus

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18
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a type of cell lacking membrane enclosed organelles and membrane enclosed nucleus

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19
Q

genes

A

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA

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20
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid — a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

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21
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNA that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNA

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22
Q

genome

A

the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences

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23
Q

genomics

A

the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

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24
Q

proteomics

A

the systematic study of the full protein sets encoded by genomes

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25
proteome
the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
26
"high-thoughpit" technology
tools that can analyze many biological samples very rapidly
27
bioinformatics
the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate the biological information from large data sets
28
how does E go though an ecosystem?
E flow through a ecosystem in 1 direction
29
how does matter go through an ecosystem
matter cycles within an ecosystem
30
climate change
a directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other aspect of the global climate that last for 3+ decades
31
evolution
"descent with modification" --- the process by which species accumulate differences form ancestor as they adapt to different environments over time; also defined as change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
32
the 3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
33
competition
interactions that occur when individuals compete for a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of both individuals (interspecies and intraspecies)
34
natural selection
a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individual because of those traits
35
branch points
where lineages diverge from a common ancestor
36
science
an approach to understanding the natural world
37
inquiry
the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific quesitons
38
data
recorded observations
39
inductive reasoning
a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large # of specific observations
40
hypothesis
a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning (narrower scope than a theory)
41
experiment
a scientific test, often carried out in controlled conditions that involve manipulating one factor in a a system in order to see the effects of changing that factor
42
deductive resoning
a type of logic in which specific results are predicted form a general premise
43
controlled experiment
an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
44
experimental gorups
a set of subjects that has/receives the specific factor being tested in a controlled experiment
45
control group
a set of subjects that lacks the specific factor being tested in a controlled experiment
46
variables
a factor that carries in an experiment
47
independent variable
a factor whose value in manipulated/changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor
48
dependent variable
a factor whose value is measured in an experiment to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor
49
theory
an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypothesis es and is supported by a large body of evidence
50
technology
the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research
51
behavioral isolation
when species are reproductively isolated from others due to differences in behavior
52
habitat isolation
reproduction between two populations (generally two species that are capable of interbreeding) is restricted because each population occupies a different habitat
53
mechanical isolation
a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms
54
temporal isolation
'isolated in time' --- a mechanism that prevents species from mating because they breed at different times
55
homology
likeness in structure between parts of different organisms due to evolutionary differentiation from the same or a corresponding part of a remote ancestor
56
analogous structures
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (fly wings vs. bat wings)
57
homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions (human arm vs bat wing)
58
gene flow
any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another
59
genetic drift
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
60
divergent evolution
the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period
61
convergent evolution
occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems
62
speciation
occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics
63
adaptive radiation
a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity
64
founder effect
the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population
65
bottlenose effect
a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling
66
sexual selection
the evolution of certain conspicuous physical traits—such as pronounced coloration, increased size, or striking adornments—in animals may grant the possessors of these traits greater success in obtaining mates.
67
directional selection
when individuals homozygous for one allele have a fitness greater than that of individuals with other genotypes and individuals homozygous for the other allele have a fitness less than that of individuals with other genotypes
68
disruptive selection
a specific type of natural selection that actively selects against the intermediate in a population, favoring both extremes of the spectrum
69
stabilizing selection
a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit, picking AGAINST either phenotypic extremes

AP Biology (1 decks)

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