Chapter 1

Question 1

What are anatomy and physiology?

Answer 1

Anatomy and Physiology (A & P) are about human structure and function—the biology of the human body​

Question 2

what are the four ways of examining structure of the human body?

Answer 2

• Inspection​
• Palpation​
• Auscultation​
• Percussion

Question 3

Describe Inspection.

Answer 3

Visual Examination of the body or looking at the body

Question 4

Describe Palpation.

Answer 4

Feeling the body with fingers or hands

Question 5

Describe Auscultation.

Answer 5

Listening to sounds, usually with a stethoscope

Question 6

Describe Percussion.

Answer 6

Producing sounds, usually by tapping on specific areas of the body

Question 7

What are some ways of studying human anatomy.​

Answer 7

• Medical Imaging (Radiology)
• Gross Anatomy
• Histology
• Histopathy
• Cytology
• Ultrastructure

Question 8

Describe gross anatomy?

Answer 8

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye​

Question 9

Describe Histopathology?

Answer 9

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease​

Question 10

Describe Cytology.

Answer 10

Study of structure and function of cells​

Question 11

Describe Ultrastructure

Answer 11

View detail under electron microscope​

Question 12

What are some subdisciplines of Anatomy and Physiology?

Answer 12

• Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system)​
• Endocrinology (physiology of hormones)​
• Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)​

Question 13

Describe Neurophysiology?

Answer 13

Physiology of nervous system

Question 14

Describe Endocrinology

Answer 14

Physiology of hormones

Question 15

Describe Pathophysiology.

Answer 15

Mechanisms of disease

Question 16

Describe comparative physiology.

Answer 16

Study of different species to learn about body functions ​(comparing and contrasting)

• Basis for much of our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures​

Question 17

What is a Scientific Fact.

Answer 17

Information that can be independently verified​

Question 18

Describe the Law of Nature.

Answer 18

1. Generalization about the way matter and energy behave ​
2. Results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations​
3. Written as verbal statement or mathematical formula​

Question 19

Describe Theory.

Answer 19

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses​

Question 20

Who is Charles Darwin?

Answer 20

He is primarily known as the architect of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 21

Describe Evolution?

Answer 21

Change in genetic composition of population of organisms; Example: development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics​

Question 22

Describe how evolution works.

Answer 22

Through Natural Selection

Question 23

How does Natural Selection occur?

Answer 23

1. Selective pressures
2. Adaptations

Question 24

Describe how Adaptations promote evolution.

Answer 24

Adaptations are inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable organism to succeed; example: better camouflage​

Question 25

Describe how selective pressures promote evolution.

Answer 25

Selection pressures are forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others; example: predators​

Question 26

Considering the hierarchy of complexity of life, which of the following levels is the most complex?

Answer 26

Organisms

Question 27

Considering the hierarchy of complexity of life, which of the following levels is the least complex?

Answer 27

Subatomic particles

Question 28

Organism composed of:

Answer 28

Organ systems

Question 29

Organ systems composed of:

Answer 29

Organs

Question 30

Organs composed of:

Answer 30

Tissues

Question 31

Tissues composed of:

Answer 31

Cells

Question 32

Cells composed of:

Answer 32

Organelles

Question 33

Organelles composed of:

Answer 33

Molecules

Question 34

Molecules composed of:

Answer 34

Atoms

Question 35

Describe reductionism.

Answer 35

States that large, complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components

Question 36

Describe Holism.

Answer 36

States that “emergent properties” of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts.

Question 37

What are some ways to characterize life?

Answer 37

1. Organization 2. Cellular composition 3. Metabolism 4. Responsiveness 5. Movement 6. Homeostasis 7. Development 8. Reproduction 9. Evolution

Question 38

In terms of Metabolism, living things exhibit:

Answer 38

Internal Chemical Reactions

Question 39

In terms of responsiveness, living things have the ability:

Answer 39

Ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

Question 40

In terms of organization, living things exhibit:

Answer 40

Living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

Question 41

In terms of Cellular composition, living matter is always:

Answer 41

Always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Question 42

Living things exhibit homeostasis by:

Answer 42

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

Question 43

Living things exhibit development by:

Answer 43

differentiation and growth

Question 44

Reproduction in living things involves:

Answer 44

Producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring

Question 45

Evolution in living things involves:

Answer 45

changes in genes

Question 46

Physiological Variations include:

Answer 46

Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment

Question 47

Describe Homeostasis.

Answer 47

The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Question 48

Negative feedback allows for:

Answer 48

Allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point. (The body senses a change and “negates” or reverses it)

Question 49

Loss of homeostatic control causes

Answer 49

illness or death

Question 50

Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them, they are called:

Answer 50

Feedback loops

Question 51

Homeostasis in body temperature: If too warm:

Answer 51

Vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)

Question 52

Homeostasis in body temperature: If too cold:

Answer 52

Vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

Question 53

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. Describe the receptor.

Answer 53

The receptor is a structure that senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)

Question 54

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. describe the integrating (control center)

Answer 54

Integrating (control) center is the control center that processes the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain)

Question 55

Negative feedback and Homeostasis involves a receptor, Integrating (control) center, Effector. describe the Effector

Answer 55

Effector is the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart)

Question 56

Describe Postive Feedback.

Answer 56

It is a self-amplifying cycle. Leads to greater change in the same direction.

Question 57

For positive feedback, Feedback loop is:

Answer 57

repeated—change produces more change

Question 58

What are some examples of life events that involve positive feedback?

Answer 58

Examples include: childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

Question 59

Define Gradient

Answer 59

It is a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

Question 60

Positive feedback, can be dangerous. Examples will be:

Answer 60

Vicious circle of runaway fever

Question 61

Matter and energy tend to flow :

Answer 61

down gradients

Question 62

Movement in the opposite direction is “up the gradient” and requires spending:

Answer 62

metabolic energy

Question 63

Who is the “Father of medicine”?

Answer 63

Hippocrates

Question 64

What did Aristotle believe?

Answer 64

1. Believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes. 2. Believed complex structures were built from simpler parts

Question 65

What did Robert Hooke contribute to modern medicine?

Answer 65

1. Made many improvements to compound microscope—two lenses: ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen) 2. Published first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia) in 1665

Question 66

What was Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribution to modern medicine?

Answer 66

1. Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200X) 2. Published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things