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Human Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Jeanne Calment

A

Lived to 122 years

  • learned to fence at the age of 85*
  • Rode a bike to the age of 100*
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2
Q

Human Development

A

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time

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3
Q

As a science human development is firmly grounded in _____ and ______ as it seeks to understand human behavior

A

Theory and Research

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4
Q

Recurring Issues in Human Development

A

Nature and Nurture
Continuity and Discontinuity
Universal and Context-Specific Development

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5
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (Nurture) determine the kind of person you are

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6
Q

Continuity-Discontinuity issue

A

Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continually) or a series or abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

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7
Q

Universal and Context-Specific Development

A

Concerns whether there is just one path to development, or several.

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8
Q

4 Basic Forces in Human development

A
  1. Biological Forces
  2. Psychological Forces
  3. Sociocultural Forces
  4. Life Cycle Forces
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9
Q

Biological Forces

A

include all genetic and health related factors that affect development

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10
Q

Psychological Forces

A

All internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality factors that affect development.

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11
Q

Sociocultural Forces

A

that include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development.

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12
Q

Life Cycle Forces

A

Reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages

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13
Q

Biopsychosocial Framework

A

The name of all four of the forces together

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14
Q

Biological Forces

A

Genetics and Health: Prenatal Development, Puberty, Menopause. Biological forces give the raw material and setting the boundary conditions for development

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15
Q

Psychological Forces: known by behavior

A

Forming the habits that make an honest person, an on time person, cleanliness

  • The internal cognitive, emotional, personality, perceptual, and related factors that influence behavior
  • Have the most attention of all three developmental forces
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16
Q

Sociocultural: Race Ethnicity, Culture

A

We are not in a vacuum, to understand people, reach out and try to interact. This is the importance of the many interacting relationships within the person’s life such as family, school, friends, work. Language spoken and ethnicity

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17
Q

Life-Cycle Focus: Timing is everything

A

Pregnancy, a married woman plans a pregnancy at 30. A teen finds out she is pregnant at 17. Both get pregnant, life cycle shows how the timing can cause issues.

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18
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of brain behavior relationships

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19
Q

The nature-Nurture issue involves the degree to which _________ and the environment influence human relationships

A

Genetics

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20
Q

A child that has been shy since being a baby displays the _________ of development

A

Continuity

21
Q

__________ forces include both genetic and health factors

A

Biological

22
Q

Neuroscience examines _______________ relations

A

Brain-behavior

23
Q

Theory

A

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

24
Q

5 Perspectives that influence research on human development-

A
  1. Psychodynamic Theory
  2. Learning Theory
  3. Ecological Theory
  4. Cognitive Theory
  5. Systems Theory
25
Q

Other Views on Human Development

A
  • Theories involving life span perspective
  • Selective Optimization with Compensation
  • Life Course Perspective
26
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A
  • these theories hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they resolve at different ages*
  • Roots of Freud’s theory that personality traits emerge from conflict
27
Q

Psychosocial Theory

A

-Psychodynamic Theory-
Erikson proposed that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturation plan and external societal demands

28
Q

Eriksons Eight stages of Psychosocial Development

A 
Basic trust    vs Mistrust
Autonomy     vs Shame
Initiative       vs Guilt
Industry       vs Inferiority
Identity        vs Identity Confusion
Intimacy      vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
 Integrity       vs Despair
29
Q

Basic trust VS Mistrust

A

Birth –> 1 year; develop a sense that the world is a safe place. Things that could disrupt this would be the crying of an infant is met with neglect or abuse instead of care for needs

30
Q

Autonomy VS Shame

A

1—>3 Years; realize indépendance who is able to make decisions and contradict.

31
Q

Initiative VS Guilt

A

3—->6 Years; try new things and handle failures

32
Q

Industry VS Inferiority

A

6 —> Adolescence; Learn basic skills and to work with others

33
Q

Identity VS Identity Confusion

A

Adolescence; Develop an integrated and lasting sense of self

34
Q

Intimacy VS Isolation

A

Young Adulthood; To commit to another in a loving relationship

35
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

Middle Adulthood; Contribute to younger people through child “rearing” or other productive work

36
Q

Integrity VS Despair

A

Late Life; to view ones life as satisfactory and worth having lived

37
Q

Epigenetic Principle

A

In Erikson’s theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

38
Q

2 influential theories in Learning Theory

A
  • Behaviorism

- Social Learning Theory

39
Q

Behaviorism

A

BF Skinner; Infants minds were blank slates that learned through conditioning

40
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

The consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood for the behavior to be repeated in the future- skinner

41
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows-skinner

42
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows-skinner

43
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of negative stimulus as reward-skinner

44
Q

Imitation or Observational Learning

A

People learn by watching those around them

-Bandura

45
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

People’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents—–> a child who believes he is good at something may imitate an idol in that field

46
Q

Bandura

A

This book avoids tell of the Bo-Bo doll, there is no mention of non-ethical child testing.

47
Q

3 types of Cognitive Developmental Theory

A
  • Piaget
  • Information Processing
  • Vygotsky’s Theory
48
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Children naturally try to make sense of their world, children naturally act like scientists composing, testing, and revising theories
-critical points of development

49
Q

Sensorimotor

A

the first stage of development stated by Piaget.

-begins at birth and lasts until age two

Human Development (2 decks)

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