Chapter 1

Question 1

Jeanne Calment

Answer 1

Lived to 122 years

• learned to fence at the age of 85*
• Rode a bike to the age of 100*

Question 2

Human Development

Answer 2

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time

Question 3

As a science human development is firmly grounded in _____ and ______ as it seeks to understand human behavior

Answer 3

Theory and Research

Question 4

Recurring Issues in Human Development

Answer 4

Nature and Nurture
Continuity and Discontinuity
Universal and Context-Specific Development

Question 5

Nature-Nurture Issue

Answer 5

The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (Nurture) determine the kind of person you are

Question 6

Continuity-Discontinuity issue

Answer 6

Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continually) or a series or abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

Question 7

Universal and Context-Specific Development

Answer 7

Concerns whether there is just one path to development, or several.

Question 8

4 Basic Forces in Human development

Answer 8

1. Biological Forces
2. Psychological Forces
3. Sociocultural Forces
4. Life Cycle Forces

Question 9

Biological Forces

Answer 9

include all genetic and health related factors that affect development

Question 10

Psychological Forces

Answer 10

All internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality factors that affect development.

Question 11

Sociocultural Forces

Answer 11

that include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development.

Question 12

Life Cycle Forces

Answer 12

Reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages

Question 13

Biopsychosocial Framework

Answer 13

The name of all four of the forces together

Question 14

Biological Forces

Answer 14

Genetics and Health: Prenatal Development, Puberty, Menopause. Biological forces give the raw material and setting the boundary conditions for development

Question 15

Psychological Forces: known by behavior

Answer 15

Forming the habits that make an honest person, an on time person, cleanliness

• The internal cognitive, emotional, personality, perceptual, and related factors that influence behavior
• Have the most attention of all three developmental forces

Question 16

Sociocultural: Race Ethnicity, Culture

Answer 16

We are not in a vacuum, to understand people, reach out and try to interact. This is the importance of the many interacting relationships within the person’s life such as family, school, friends, work. Language spoken and ethnicity

Question 17

Life-Cycle Focus: Timing is everything

Answer 17

Pregnancy, a married woman plans a pregnancy at 30. A teen finds out she is pregnant at 17. Both get pregnant, life cycle shows how the timing can cause issues.

Question 18

Neuroscience

Answer 18

The study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of brain behavior relationships

Question 19

The nature-Nurture issue involves the degree to which _________ and the environment influence human relationships

Answer 19

Genetics

Question 20

A child that has been shy since being a baby displays the _________ of development

Answer 20

Continuity

Question 21

__________ forces include both genetic and health factors

Answer 21

Biological

Question 22

Neuroscience examines _______________ relations

Answer 22

Brain-behavior

Question 23

Theory

Answer 23

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

Question 24

5 Perspectives that influence research on human development-

Answer 24

1. Psychodynamic Theory
2. Learning Theory
3. Ecological Theory
4. Cognitive Theory
5. Systems Theory

Question 25

Other Views on Human Development

Answer 25

- Theories involving life span perspective - Selective Optimization with Compensation - Life Course Perspective

Question 26

Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 26

* these theories hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they resolve at different ages* - Roots of Freud's theory that personality traits emerge from conflict

Question 27

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 27

-Psychodynamic Theory- Erikson proposed that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturation plan and external societal demands

Question 28

Eriksons Eight stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 28

``` Basic trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Identity Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Integrity vs Despair ```

Question 29

Basic trust VS Mistrust

Answer 29

Birth --> 1 year; develop a sense that the world is a safe place. Things that could disrupt this would be the crying of an infant is met with neglect or abuse instead of care for needs

Question 30

Autonomy VS Shame

Answer 30

1--->3 Years; realize indépendance who is able to make decisions and contradict.

Question 31

Initiative VS Guilt

Answer 31

3---->6 Years; try new things and handle failures

Question 32

Industry VS Inferiority

Answer 32

6 ---> Adolescence; Learn basic skills and to work with others

Question 33

Identity VS Identity Confusion

Answer 33

Adolescence; Develop an integrated and lasting sense of self

Question 34

Intimacy VS Isolation

Answer 34

Young Adulthood; To commit to another in a loving relationship

Question 35

Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 35

Middle Adulthood; Contribute to younger people through child "rearing" or other productive work

Question 36

Integrity VS Despair

Answer 36

Late Life; to view ones life as satisfactory and worth having lived

Question 37

Epigenetic Principle

Answer 37

In Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

Question 38

2 influential theories in Learning Theory

Answer 38

- Behaviorism | - Social Learning Theory

Question 39

Behaviorism

Answer 39

BF Skinner; Infants minds were blank slates that learned through conditioning

Question 40

Operant Conditioning

Answer 40

The consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood for the behavior to be repeated in the future- skinner

Question 41

Reinforcement

Answer 41

A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows-skinner

Question 42

Punishment

Answer 42

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows-skinner

Question 43

Negative reinforcement

Answer 43

Removal of negative stimulus as reward-skinner

Question 44

Imitation or Observational Learning

Answer 44

People learn by watching those around them | -Bandura

Question 45

Self-Efficacy

Answer 45

People's beliefs about their own abilities and talents-----> a child who believes he is good at something may imitate an idol in that field

Question 46

Bandura

Answer 46

This book avoids tell of the Bo-Bo doll, there is no mention of non-ethical child testing.

Question 47

3 types of Cognitive Developmental Theory

Answer 47

- Piaget - Information Processing - Vygotsky's Theory

Question 48

Jean Piaget

Answer 48

Children naturally try to make sense of their world, children naturally act like scientists composing, testing, and revising theories -critical points of development

Question 49

Sensorimotor

Answer 49

the first stage of development stated by Piaget. | -begins at birth and lasts until age two