CHAPTER 1

Question 1

refers to the scientific study of people who are atypical or unusual, with the intent to be able to reliably predict, explain, diagnose, and identify the causes of, and treat maladaptive behavior

Answer 1

abnormal psychology

Question 2

what is the more sensitive and less stigmatizing term that is used to refer to the scientific study of psychological disorders?

Answer 2

psychopathology

Question 3

defined as a psychological
dysfunction which causes distress or impaired functioning and deviates from typical or expected behavior according to societal or cultural standards

Answer 3

psychological disorders

Question 4

what are the 3Ds included in the definition of psychological disorders

Answer 4

dysfunction, distress, deviance

Question 5

what does dysfunction mean?

Answer 5

dysfunction refers to a breakdown in cognition, emotion, and/or behavior or a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

Question 6

what is distress?

Answer 6

it can take the form of psychological or physical pain, or both concurrently.
or
it simply refers to suffering

Question 7

what is impairment?

Answer 7

impairment refers to when the person experiences a disabling condition “in social, occupational, or other important activities”

Question 8

what is dangerousness?

Answer 8

Dangerousness refers to behavior that represents a threat to the safety of the person or others.

example: those with antisocial personality disorder or paranoid ideation with aggressive impulses can be considered dangerous

Question 9

what is classification?

Answer 9

classification is the way in which we organize or categorize things

Question 10

refers to the study
of the frequency of occurrence of mental disorders in a population

Answer 10

psychiatric or mental health epidemology

Question 11

what is prevalence and what are the three ways it can be measured?

Answer 11

prevalence is the percentage of people in a population that has a mental
disorder

point prevalence
period prevalence
lifetime prevalence

Question 12

indicates the percentage of a population that has the disorder at a specific point in time.

In other words, it is the number of active cases at a given point in time.

Answer 12

point prevalence

Question 13

indicates the percentage of a population that has the disorder at any point during a given period of time, typically the past year

Answer 13

period prevalence

Question 13

indicates the percentage of a population that has had the disorder at any time during their lives.

Answer 13

lifetime prevalence

Question 13

indicates the number of new cases in a population over a specific period of time

often studied by medical and public health officials so that causes can be identified and future cases prevented.

Answer 13

incidence

Question 13

describes when two or more mental disorders are occurring at the same time and in the same person

Answer 13

comorbidity

Question 14

what is etiology?

Answer 14

etiology is the cause of the disorder

Question 15

is the anticipated course the mental disorder will take

Answer 15

prognosis

Question 16

is any procedure intended to modify abnormal behavior into normal behavior

Answer 16

treatment

Question 17

what is stigma?

Answer 17

refers to when negative stereotyping, labeling, rejection, and loss of status occur

Question 18

what are the three forms of stigma?

Answer 18

public stigma
label avoidance
self-stigma

Question 19

this type of stigma takes form when members of society endorse negative stereotypes of people with a mental disorder and discriminate
against them.

example: when an employer intentionally does not hire a person because their mental illness is discovered

Answer 19

public stigma

Question 19

what were the prehistoric and ancient beliefs about mental illness?

Answer 19

they saw it as the work of evil spirits and treatment included something called trephination where a trephine was used to remove part of the skull so evil spirits could escape. exorcism was also a treatment method where evil spirits were cast out through various methods.

Question 19

this type of stigma takes form when people who need care avoid seeking it since they are afraid of being labeled as “crazy”

Answer 19

label avoidance

Question 19

this type of stigma takes form when people with mental illnesses internalize the negative stereotypes and prejudice, and in turn, discriminate against themselves

Answer 19

self-stigma

Question 19

this type of stigma takes form when stigma affects people associated with the person with a mental disorder and decide to conceal their relative's illness

Answer 19

courtesy stigma

Question 19

what did hippocrates say about mental disorders?

Answer 19

he suggested that they arose from brain pathology, or head trauma/brain dysfunction or disease, and were also affected by heredity and classified mental disorders into three main categories – melancholia, mania, and phrenitis (brain fever) He also described four main fluids or humors that directed normal functioning and personality – blood which arose in the heart, black bile arising in the spleen, yellow bile or choler from the liver, and phlegm from the brain. Mental disorders occurred when the humors were in a state of imbalance such as an excess of yellow bile causing frenzy/mania and too much black bile causing melancholia/depression. Hippocrates believed mental illnesses could be treated as any other disorder and focused on the underlying pathology

Question 19

what did plato say about the mentally ill?

Answer 19

he said that the mentally ill were not responsible for their own actions and so should not be punished

Question 19

what were the roman's belief about mental illness?

Answer 19

Asclepiades and cicero rejected the idea of the four humors and stated that melancholy arises from grief, fear, and rage concept of "contrariis contrarius" = introducing contrasting stimuli to bring about balance in the physical and mental domain (drinking cold water while in a hot bath)

Question 19

what did Galen say about mental disorders?

Answer 19

he said mental disorders had either physical or mental causes that included fear, shock, alcoholism, head injuries, adolescence, and changes in menstruation

Question 19

a mania in which large numbers of people had an uncontrollable desire to dance and jump which was believed to have been caused by a bite of the wolf spider called saint vitus's dance

Answer 19

tarantism

Question 19

what is lycantrophy?

Answer 19

the belief that one was possessed by wolves or other animals and imitated their behavior

Question 19

what did the Renaissance have about mental illness?

Answer 19

humanism developed during the Renaissance and helped continue the decline of superstitious beliefs about mental illness. the number of asylums also started to rise during this time since the government realized that there were far too many people afflicted with mental illness to be left in private homes and patients were treated horribly

Question 19

this defense mechanism occurs when we offer well-thought-out reasons for why we did what we did but in reality, these are not the real reason example: Students sometimes rationalize not doing well in a class by stating that they really are not interested in the subject or saying the instructor writes impossible to pass tests when in reality they are not putting enough effort into learning the material

Answer 19

rationalization