Chapter 1 Flashcards by Jade Mariele

Psychological Disorder

A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

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4Ds of a psychological disorder

Deviance
Dysfucntion
Distress
Danger

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True or false

The 4Ds are the criterion that has been made that fully defines a psychological disorder.

False. There’s no one criterion that has been developed that fully defines a psychological disorder.

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Deviance

Something atypical or not culturally expected. Considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently or deviates from the average.

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DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statisitcal Manual for Psychological Disorders, 5ht Ed.

Contains the criteria for psychological disorders.

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True or False

It is difficult to define what constitutes a psycholoigical disorder. The DSM-5 presents the most widely accepted definition.

True.

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True or False

DSM-5 presents a typical profile of a psychological disorder called prototype.

True.

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Psychopathology

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

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Scientist-practitioner

Mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work.

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3 characteristics of a scientist-practicioner

Consume Science
> keep up with scientific developments

Evaluate Science
> evaluate own assessments and treatement procedures

Create Science
> do research

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Presented list of a specific or set of problems

Presenting problem

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Unique combination of behaviors,thoughts, and feelings making up a specific disorder

Clinical description

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Important function of a clinical description

Specify what makes the disorder different from normal behavior or other disorders.

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Asks the number of people in a population have the disorder.

Prevalence

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Asks the new cases of a disorder in a time period.

Incidence

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The percentage of males and females has the disorder.

Sex ratio

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An individual pattern of the disorder based on symptoms, age of onset, and sex ratio.

Course

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It is a course that tends to last for a long time, sometimes a lifetime

Chronic course

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Episodic course

The course that is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

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Time-limited course

A course that will improve without treatment in a realtively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

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An onset of a disorder that begins suddenly.

Acute onset

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Insidious onset

An onset that describes a gradual development over an extended period of a disorder.

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The anticipated course of a disorder.

Prognosis

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Elements of a Clinical Description

Prevalence
Incidence
Sex ratio
Age
Course
Onset
Prognosis

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Study of origins, why a disorder begins - biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Etiology

Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel’s situation? (a) societal norm violation (b) impairment in functioning (c) dysfunction (d) distress

(d) distress

Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane’s behavior? (a) societal norm violation (b) impairment in functioning (c) dysfunction (d) distress

(b) impairment in functioning and (c) dysfunction

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly. (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

(d) prognosis

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county. (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety. (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

(a) presenting problem

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders. (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

(f) etiology

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, timelimited, or episodic. (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

(e) course

How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder? (a) presenting problem (b) prevalence (c) incidence (d) prognosis (e) course (f) etiology

(b) prevalence

3 Major Traditions of Abnormal Behavior

Supernatural tradition Biological tradition Psychological tradition

Agents of supernatural model

Divinities, demons, spirits, magnetic fields, moon or the stars

Other terms for mind

Soul or psyche

One of the treaments during the supernatural tradition. Use of various religious rituals was performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Exorcism

in psychological tradition, it is stated that Insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by _________ __ ________ _____, which is curable

mental or emotional stress

Despair and lethargy was identified by the church with the sin of ______ or ______

acedia or sloth

psychological tradition treatments during the time when insanity was considered curable were

rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment

Nicholas Oresme suggested that the disease of melancholy or __________ was the source of some bizarre behavior.

Depression

Other treatments for possession other than exorcism are

confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes therapeutic element of shock

Simultaneous behavior of people simply demonstrates the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion

Mass hysteria

Word derived from Luna or Moon means crazy

Lunatic

Father of modern western medicine

Hippocrates

True or False In the Hippocratic Corpus, it suggested that a psychological disorder could be treated like any other disease.

True.

Biological Tradition Psychological disorders might also be caused by brain ________ or head ______ and could be influenced by ________ (_______).

brain pathology or head trauma; heredity (genetics)

Hippocrates considered the brain to be the seat of w________, c_____________, i______________, and e_________.

wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion.

Hippocratic-GaIen approach is the

Humoral theory of disorders

Four bodily fluids or humors

Blood(heart), black bile(spleen), yellow bile( liver), and phlegm(brain)

Humoral theory; ____________ imbalances

Chemical

Treatments for excessive humors

Rest Nutrition Excercise Bleeding or bloodletting Induce vomitting

To induce vomitting, Robert Burton recommends

Eating tobacco and half-boiled cabbage

Chinese medicine ; treatment

Yin and yang; acupuncture

physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found

somatic symptom disorders

sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain

advanced syphilis

Symptoms of advanced syphilis

believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors. Psychosis Delusions Hallucination

Delusion

Belief not based on reality

Hallucinations

Perceptions not based on reality

advanced syphilis was designated as __________ _________ because it had consistent symptoms (presentation) and a consistent course that resulted in death.

general paresis

Facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur’s known for _________ _________

Germ theory

Argued that the causes of insanity were always physical. Invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large hospital.

John P. Grey

A model explaining behavior with a single cause, often ignoring other relevant factors

One-dimensional model

A model that takes an interdisciplinary approach, recognizing that multiple biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce and maintain suffering.

Multidimensional model

pre-existing vulnerability

diathesis

A model that proposes mental disorders result from a combination of a pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stressors, demonstrating how genes and environment interact.

Diathesis -stress model

Function of neurotransmitters

Chemical messenger Transmit signal for communication

Four lobes of the cerebral cortex

Frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

Name the Functions of the ff frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

frontal lobe: thinking and reasoning parietal lobe: processes touch occipital lobe: handles visual input temporal lobe: responsible for processing sounds and storing long-term memories

Classical conditioning

involves learning associations between two stimuli, where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already has meaning.

Operant conditioning

involves learning associations between a behavior and its consequences, with behaviors reinforced by rewards or discouraged by punishments.

Principle of Equifinality

multiple developmental paths can lead to the same outcome;different experiences and factors can converge to produce similar psychological disorders.

purpose of Clinical assessment

Understand an individual Predict behavior Plan treatment Evaluate treatment outcomes

compare biological and psychological traditions

Biological: - abnormal behavior due to physical illness and focuses on physical treatments - led tomedications and physical interventions -emphasizes the role of genetics and neurobiology Psychological: - abnormal behavior one to psychological and emotional factors. - led to the development of various forms of psychotherapy - emphasizes the role of environmental factors, learned behaviors, and unconscious conflicts

Treatments of biological tradition

psychotropic medications electroshock therapy surgery

Treatments of psychological tradition

psychotherapy, such as psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, and behavior therapy

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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