CHAPTER 1

Question 1

what % of water makes up adult man body weight

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

what % of water makes up adult woman body weight

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

what % of water makes up neonate body weight

Answer 3

70%

Question 4

body fluids are divided depending on their location relative to

Answer 4

the cell membrane

Question 5

where is interstitial fluid

Answer 5

spaces between cells

Question 6

plasma is in dynamic equilibrium with

Answer 6

the interstitial fluid through pores in the capillaries

Question 7

the interstitial fid serves as a reservoir for

Answer 7

where water and electrolytes can be mobilized into the circulation

Question 8

normal daily intake of water (drinks & internal product of food metabolism) by an adult is

Answer 8

average 2.5L with 1.5L excreted as urine, 100mL lost in sweat, & 100mL in feces

Question 9

what is the average blood volume of an adult

Answer 9

5L (3L of plasma & 2L of erythrocytes) which varies with age, weight, and gender

Question 10

how does blood volume vary in nonobese individuals

Answer 10

direct proportion to the body weight, avg about 70 mL/kg for lean men & women

Question 11

what happens to the blood volume in those with a greater ratio of fat to body weight

Answer 11

> fat to body weight = the < the blood volume in mL to kg because adipose tissue has a decreased vascular supply

Question 12

total body water % in men from ages 18-40

Answer 12

61%

Question 13

total body water % in women from ages 18-40

Answer 13

51%

Question 14

total body water % in men from ages 40-60

Answer 14

55%

Question 15

total body water % in women ages from 40-60

Answer 15

47%

Question 16

total body water % in men >60 yrs

Answer 16

52%

Question 17

total body water % in women >60%

Answer 17

46%

Question 18

normal hct for men & postmenopausal women

Answer 18

about 45%

Question 19

normal hct for menstruating woman

Answer 19

+- 5% from 45%

Question 20

an unequal distribution of ions results in

Answer 20

establishment of a potential (voltage) difference across cell membranes

Question 21

what regulates the constituents of extracellular fluid

Answer 21

the kidneys

Question 22

why are extracellular fluid constituents regulated

Answer 22

so that cells are bathed in a fluid containing the proper concentrations of electrolytes and nutrients

Question 23

what factors is most associated with the progressive loss of potassium through the kidneys following trauma?

Answer 23

Increased secretion of vasopressin and nasogastric suctioning

Question 24

osmosis is the movement of..

Answer 24

water (solvent molecules) across a semipermeable membrane from an area where the nondiffusible solute (ion) concentration is lower to an area where the solute concentration is higher

Question 25

what type of solution is 5% glucose in water initially

Answer 25

isotonic

Question 26

what type of solution is 5% glucose in water after it's metabolized

Answer 26

hypotonic

Question 27

what solution is LR + 5% glucose in water initially

Answer 27

hypertonic (560 mOsm/L)

Question 28

what type of solution is LR + 5% glucose in water after its metabolized

Answer 28

less hypertonic

Question 29

what % of body weight is blood plasma

Answer 29

5%

Question 30

what % of body weight is interstitial fluid

Answer 30

15%

Question 31

what % of body weight is intercellular fluid

Answer 31

40%

Question 32

what % of body fluid is extracellular fluid

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 33

the pressure that would have to be applied to prevent continued movement of water molecules

Question 34

After 20 to 30 minutes, an estimated 75% to 80% of __________ will have distributed outside the confines of the circulation, thus limiting the efficacy of these solutions in treating hypovolemia (ability of crystalloids to restore perfusion in the microcir- culation is doubtful)

Answer 34

an isotonic saline or lactate-containing solution

Question 35

these ways of water loss are associated with an initial deficit in extracellular fluid volume

Answer 35

gastrointestinal, renal, or diaphoresis (excessive sweating)

Question 36

the ratio of extracellular to intercellular fluid is ______, in infants to adults so dehydration develops more ____ and is more severe in the young

Answer 36

greater; rapidly

Question 37

clinical signs of dehydration are likely when about _____ of total body fluids have been lost in a brief time period

Answer 37

5-10%

Question 38

Physiologic mechanisms can usually compensate for acute loss of _____ of the intravascular fluid volume.

Answer 38

15-25%

Question 39

of the 100 trillion+ cells in the body, how many are RBCs

Answer 39

about 25 trillion

Question 40

the lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell acts as a permeability barrier that.....

Answer 40

allows the cell to maintain a cytoplasmic composition different from the extracellular fluid

Question 41

Lipid bilayers are nearly impermeable to

Answer 41

water-soluble substances such as ions and glucose

Question 42

what substances readily cross cell membranes

Answer 42

fat-soluble substances (steroids) and gases

Question 43

what 3 substances move through cell membranes by diffusion through the lipid bilayer

Answer 43

oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nitrogen

Question 44

what 2 methods transfer molecules such as nutrients across cell membranes without the molecule actually passing through the cell membrane

Answer 44

endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 45

the process that requires calcium ions & resembles endocytosis in reverse. neurotransmitters are ejected from cells this way

Answer 45

exocytosis

Question 46

what are the 3 phospholipids in cell membrane composition

Answer 46

1. Lecithins (phosphatidylcholines) 2. Sphingomyelins 3. Amino phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine)

Question 47

what 5 proteins are in cell membrane composition

Answer 47

1. Structural proteins (microtubules) 2. Transport proteins (sodium–potassium ATPase) 3. Ion channels 4. Receptors 5. Enzymes (adenylate cyclase)

Question 48

what is sodium-potassium ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)

Answer 48

is an ATP-dependent sodium and potassium transporter on the cell membrane that ejects three sodium ions from the cell in exchange for the import of two potassium ions

Question 49

transmembrane proteins that generate electrical signals in the brain, nerves, heart, and skeletal muscles are.......

Answer 49

ion channels

Question 50

ingestion of solid particles

Answer 50

phagocytosis

Question 51

ingestion of dissolved particles

Answer 51

pinocytosis

Question 52

what is the name of the enzyme that is present in all cells that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 52

Sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase

Question 53

if this protein ion channel is defective it leads to cystic fibrosis

Answer 53

chloride channel defects

Question 54

what protein ion channels are defective in long Q-T interval syndrome

Answer 54

mutant potassium or less common are sodium channels

Question 55

how many chromosomes make up the nucleus

Answer 55

46

Question 56

how many chromosome make up the nucleus of an egg cell

Answer 56

23

Question 57

the sequence of nucleotides determine

Answer 57

the genetic message

Question 58

human genome is made up of how many genes

Answer 58

20,000 - 25,000 genes

Question 59

protein encoding genes account for only how much of our DNA

Answer 59

1-2%

Question 60

cytoplasm contains these 7 things

Answer 60

water, electrolytes, proteins, enzymes, lipids, carbohydrates, & other numerous organelles

Question 61

the power-generating units of cells containing both the enzymes and substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain

Answer 61

mitochondria

Question 62

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 62

a complex lipid bilayer that folds & creates vesicles in the cytoplasm

Question 63

what is the membrane that contains ribosomes

Answer 63

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 64

what part of the membrane lacks ribosomes

Answer 64

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 65

what are the 5 major types of protein ion channels

Answer 65

calcium, sodium, nonselective, chloride, & potassium

Question 66

which way do calcium and sodium ions flow

Answer 66

into the cells

Question 67

which way do potassium ions flow

Answer 67

outward of cells

Question 68

flow of ions through channels determines....

Answer 68

the transmembrane potential of cells

Question 69

this membrane functions in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, and other enzymatic processes

Answer 69

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 70

what is found in muscle cells, where it serves as a reservoir for calcium

Answer 70

sarcoplasmic reticulum