Chapter 1

Question 1

What structures make up the CNS?

Answer 1

brain, spinal cord, white and gray matter

Question 2

What structures make up the PNS?

Answer 2

nerves and ganglia

Question 3

Afferent neuron

Answer 3

sensory, towards CNS

Question 4

Efferent neuron

Answer 4

motor, away from CNS

Question 5

Enteric

Answer 5

neurons that control the digestive system

Question 6

Neuron doctrine

Answer 6

individual neurons working together

Question 7

Reticular (Golgi) theory

Answer 7

NS is one big, continuous system

Question 8

What type of neurons make up the dorsal root/cranial nerve ganglia?

Answer 8

sensory pseudounipolar neurons

Question 9

Autonomic ganglia

Answer 9

2-neuron chain from CNS to target

Question 10

Pathway of signaling between neurons

Answer 10

always afferent -> interneurons -> efferent; mostly in CNA, short axons, inhibitory or excitatory

Question 11

Parallel processing

Answer 11

processed at the same time

Question 12

Convergent processing

Answer 12

receives many inputs that converge to a single synpase

Question 13

Divergent processing

Answer 13

makes synaptic contact with a large number of other neurons

Question 14

Explain the reflex/inhibition process

Answer 14

quads are stimulated/contracted and hamstring is relaxed/inhibited

Question 15

Which way does sensory info enter?

Answer 15

Enters through dorsal root and synapses in dorsal/posterior gray matter

Question 16

Which way does motor info enter?

Answer 16

Through the ventral horn and leaves through ventral root

Question 17

What forms spinal nerves?

Answer 17

Dorsal and ventral roots coming together

Question 18

Characteristics of a neuron

Answer 18

polarized, conduct electrical signals

Question 19

Multipolar

Answer 19

single axon and many dendrites

Question 20

bipolar

Answer 20

axon and dendrite extending from body in opposite directions

Question 21

pesudounipolar

Answer 21

single axon that splits into 2 branches

Question 22

unipolar

Answer 22

one axon one dendrite

Question 23

anaxonic

Answer 23

lacks axon or indistinguishable from dendrite

Question 24

Glial cell functions

Answer 24

• maintain ionic mileu (concentration of ions)
• uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters
• provide scaffolding for neuronal migration
• hasten propagation of impulses

Question 25

astrocytes

Answer 25

blood brain barrier

Question 26

oligodendrocytes

Answer 26

myelinate CNS axons *not every axon myelinated

Question 27

schwann cells

Answer 27

covers all PNS axons *but being covered doesn't = myelin

Question 28

microglia

Answer 28

macrophages, immune cells

Question 29

nodes of ranvier

Answer 29

gaps on an axon where there is no myelin

Question 30

in situ hybridization lab technique

Answer 30

- specific for RNA, but mRNA is not always translated to transcribe proteins

Question 31

silver salts or golgi staining

Answer 31

stains neurons randomly but has to be a dead cell

Question 32

nissil staining

Answer 32

stains DNA and RNA

Question 33

Transgenic reporter gene (GPF)

Answer 33

requires gene manipulation but good for specificity

Question 34

Antibody staining (against TrkB)

Answer 34

- can be used on tissues - for identifying expressed proteins

Question 35

CT scan

Answer 35

- quick, cheap, good for locating tumors - exposure to radiation and not as precise

Question 35

MRI

Answer 35

- uses magnetic spin of H+ - better resolution - long and expensive

Question 35

Extracellular recording

Answer 35

- measures action potentials using electrodes - cannot detect small changes

Question 35

Calcium imaging

Answer 35

- dyes Ca+ with fluorescence - time sensitive

Question 36

Intracellular recording

Answer 36

- detects smaller changes in electric signals and precise timing - can record synaptic and receptor potentials - damages neuron

Question 37

EEG

Answer 37

- measures broad changes in brain activity - precise timing and spatial resolution - used for seizures and sleep/wake assessment

Question 38

MEG and MSI

Answer 38

- magnetic fields and image mapping - excellent temporal resolution (better than EEG)

Question 39

Lesion studies

Answer 39

precise destruction of brain tissue

Question 40

Ablation studies

Answer 40

loss of function from surgical removal of certain parts of the brain

Question 41

PET

Answer 41

- tracking glucose while subject performs a task - difficult injection, risk of radioactivity

Question 42

fMRI

Answer 42

- metabolically active areas/blood flow - safer than PET - poor temporal resolution

Question 43

Optogenetics

Answer 43

- opsin activation that can monitor action potentials - inexpensive (think picture of the mouse)

Question 44

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Answer 44

used to treat depression and migranes

Question 45

How does Cre/lox work?

Answer 45

loxP added to gene of interest, and with expression of Cre recombinase loxP is cut out and not expressed

Question 46

CRISPER

Answer 46

used to introduce mutations to a target gene

Question 47

Center-surround

Answer 47

determines the receptive field of a sensory neuron

Question 48

synaptic (graded) potential

Answer 48

makes communication between nerve cells possible.

Question 49

Neuropil

Answer 49

region where most synaptic activity occurs

Question 50

What is gray matter made up of?

Answer 50

Cell bodies

Question 51

What is white matter made up of?

Answer 51

Myelin

Question 52

Where is trigeminal ganglia found?

Answer 52

cranial nerve