Chapter 1

Question 1

microbe

Answer 1

a living organism that is too small to see without magnification

Question 2

prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 3

eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

contain nucleus and other organelles

Question 4

virus

Answer 4

not considered alive, can infect all living cells

Question 5

examples of genetic engineering

Answer 5

insulin
growth hormone
HEP B vaccine

Question 6

bioremediation

Answer 6

the use of micro-organisms (naturally occurring or artificially introduced) to restore stability to the environment

Question 7

define pathogen

Answer 7

microbes that cause disease

Question 8

2 classes of infectious disease

Answer 8

emerging and re-emerging

Question 9

emerging diseases

Answer 9

new; AIDS, HEP C, viral encephalitis, COVID-19

Question 10

re-emerging diseases

Answer 10

old; TB, measles

Question 11

microbes linked to gastric ulcers

Answer 11

helicobacter pylori

Question 12

microbes linked to diabetes

Answer 12

coxsackievirus

Question 13

microbes linked to schizophrenia

Answer 13

borna agent

Question 14

leeuwenhoek

Answer 14

developed the microscope for his thread counts

Question 15

robert hooke

Answer 15

applied leeuwenhoeks microscope to medicine

Question 16

robert hooke

Answer 16

studied plants (cork) and adapted the microscope to apply to science

Question 17

early belief of microbes

Answer 17

spontaneous generation

Question 18

vital forces

Answer 18

matter creates life- comes from nothing

Question 19

abiogenesis

Answer 19

life beginning without pre-existing life

Question 20

francisco redi 1668

Answer 20

set out to show flaws with spontaneous generation
- jars of meat experiment

Question 21

John Needham 1745

Answer 21

lightly heated liquid medium- not enough to kill bacteria, “vegetative force”

Question 22

Lazzaro Spallanzani 1765

Answer 22

heated the liquid hot enough, challenged Needham

Question 23

Louis Pasture

Answer 23

• father or microbiology
• disproved miasma theory: idea that disease is caused by poison in the air

Question 24

Joseph Lister 1865

Answer 24

developed the use of aseptic techniques in surgery

Question 25

Ernst Haeckle (1834-1919)

Answer 25

imagined the first life forms and called them "monera"

Question 26

Tomas Huxley

Answer 26

AKA Darwins bulldog. found microorganisms and called them "bathybius Haekeli" which turned out to be a manipulated species already discovered. - "your own mind is the higheset authority"

Question 27

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 27

importance of aseptic techniques

Question 28

Ignas Semmelweis

Answer 28

- handwashing - decreased number of deaths in his maternity ward with handwashing

Question 29

Robert Koch

Answer 29

- Kocks postulates - began with anthrax in his experiments, innoculated 60 sheep. - efficacy of vaccines

Question 30

Joseph Lister Semmelweis Robert Koch Louis Pasteur

Answer 30

- aseptic techniques - handwashing - isolate infectious organisms - disproved spontaneous generation and miasma theory. demonstrated bacteria causes disease

Question 30

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 30

- discovered endospores

Question 31

what are endospores

Answer 31

contain saved genetic material that can remain viable for hundreds of years; stay dormant until favorable conditions present themselves

Question 32

cellulose

Answer 32

found in plants and is primary strucutral component of the cell wall

Question 32

agar

Answer 32

used in preparing solid culture materials

Question 32

peptidoglycan

Answer 32

linked to a peptide fragment

Question 33

lipopolysaccharide

Answer 33

complex of polysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram - bacteria

Question 34

glycocalyx

Answer 34

gel like layer on the cell that receives external stimuli for cell to cell communication

Question 35

skipped some stuff here