CHAPTER 1

Question 1

What term describes societies as ‘imagined communities’ where members do not know most of their fellow members?

Answer 1

Imagined communities

Anderson (1983) describes how members of even the smallest nation will never meet or hear of most fellow members.

Question 2

What are the physical boundaries of a nation referred to as?

Answer 2

Geographic borders

This refers to the defined physical space that separates different nations.

Question 3

What are the two functions of objects according to Merton (1957)?

Answer 3

• Manifest functions
• Latent functions

Manifest functions are the intended purposes of objects, while latent functions are hidden, such as their role as status symbols.

Question 4

Define anomie as described by Merton (1938).

Answer 4

A condition where people fail to understand the norms operating in a particular situation

This leads to risky and confusing behavior.

Question 5

According to Goffman (1959), how are norms different from roles or values?

Answer 5

Norms are more open to interpretation and negotiation

Goffman suggests that norms can adapt to changes in the social environment.

Question 6

Who documented the case of ‘genie’, a girl isolated since infancy?

Answer 6

Pines (1997)

Genie was discovered in 1970 and had not been spoken to by her parents.

Question 7

What does peeling a banana for a woman signify in Russian culture according to Billikopf (1999)?

Answer 7

Romantic feelings

This was discovered through Billikopf’s personal experiences.

Question 8

What did Wojtczak (2009) argue about women’s lives in Victorian Britain?

Answer 8

Most women lived in a state better than slavery with the purpose of marrying and reproducing

This highlights the limited roles available to women during that era.

Question 9

What are the two aspects of ‘The Self’ according to Mead (1934)?

Answer 9

• ‘I’
• ‘Me’

‘I’ is based on self-opinion, while ‘Me’ is based on awareness of how others expect behavior.

Question 10

How does Goffman (1959) describe the construction of identity?

Answer 10

Identity is constructed socially through self-presentation to others

Goffman emphasizes managing impressions in social interactions.

Question 11

What concept does Cooley (1909) introduce to explain how individuals perceive themselves?

Answer 11

Looking glass self

This concept suggests that people see themselves reflected in how others perceive them.

Question 12

What does Wilson (1979) argue about the basis of human behavior?

Answer 12

Humans have a biological basis for all human behavior

While behavior is not genetically determined, it is strongly influenced by biological programming.

Question 13

According to Parsons (1959a), how are family roles typically organized in most societies?

Answer 13

Women have caretaker roles and men have instrumental roles

This reflects societal beliefs about gender roles.

Question 14

What did Meins et al. (2002) note about baby attachment to caregivers?

Answer 14

Attachment is influenced by both genetic instincts and environmental factors

This highlights the complexity of attachment formation.

Question 15

What is the definition of secondary socialization according to Berger and Luckmann (1967)?

Answer 15

A sense of detachment from the ones teaching socialization

This concept emphasizes the role of different social influences in later life.

Question 17

What is the main purpose of secondary socialisation according to Parsons (1959b)?

Answer 17

To liberate the individual from a dependence on the primary attachments and relationships formed within the family group.

Question 18

Who argued that peers are the model we use for appraising and shaping our attitudes, feelings, and actions?

Answer 18

Hughes et al. (2002).

Question 19

What significant role does school play in secondary socialisation according to Parsons (1959a)?

Answer 19

It emancipates the child from primary attachments and allows children to internalise a level of society’s values and norms.

Question 20

What is the correspondence theory proposed by Bowles and Gintis (2002)?

Answer 20

There is a correspondence between school norms and workplace norms.

Question 21

List three norms that correspond between school and workplace according to Bowles and Gintis (2002).

Answer 21

• The daily need for attendance
• Always being in the place you are supposed to be at certain times
• The right of those in authority to give orders that must be obeyed.

Question 22

What short-term effects of media does Potter (2003) suggest?

Answer 22

• Imitation
• Desensitization
• Learning new ideas and places.

Question 23

What did Durkheim (1912) refer to as a boundary marking function?

Answer 23

It promotes acceptable and unacceptable norms of behaviour to strengthen perceptions of expected behaviours.

Question 24

According to Swastos (1998), what changes are happening in religions?

Answer 24

Religions are going through important changes that are making them more female friendly.

Question 25

What are the four functional subsystems of a social system according to Parsons (1937)?

Answer 25

* Political * Economic * Cultural * Family.

Question 26

What are the four problems that institutions must solve for society to function properly according to Parsons (1959a)?

Answer 26

* Goal maintenance * Adaptation * Integration * Latency.

Question 27

What does Althusser (1972) refer to as the repressive state apparatus?

Answer 27

Ways of getting people to conform by force.

Question 28

What did Garfinkel (1967) demonstrate about social order?

Answer 28

The weak nature of our beliefs about social order by disrupting people's daily routines.

Question 29

What is the concept of subjective meanings according to Schutz (1962)?

Answer 29

Subjective meanings give rise to an apparently objective social world.

Question 30

What criticism did Wrong (1961) make regarding socialisation?

Answer 30

He rejected the idea that human behaviour is governed solely by socialisation and emphasized individual freedom.

Question 31

What perspective did Giddens (1984) develop regarding society and individuals?

Answer 31

Structuration, which outlines the importance of both structure and action.

Question 32

What does Althusser (1971) refer to as the ideological state apparatus (ISA)?

Answer 32

Institutions that propagate ideology to maintain power.

Question 33

What argument did Adorno and Horkheimer (1944) make regarding ruling class ideology?

Answer 33

It is passed on through a culture industry that creates forms of popular culture consumed uncritically.

Question 34

How does Dugan (2003) define power?

Answer 34

As active, involving the capacity to bring about change.

Question 35

What does Lukes (1990) suggest about passive power?

Answer 35

It involves the power to do nothing by making others believe nothing has to change.

Question 36

What are the two types of power identified by Weber (1922)?

Answer 36

* Force or coercive power * Consensual power.

Question 37

According to Foucault (1983), how has the nature of power changed in modern societies?

Answer 37

It is opaque or difficult to see, unlike the clear forms of power in the past.

Question 38

What are the features of a working-class subculture identified by Miller (1962)?

Answer 38

* Trouble * Toughness * Smartness * Excitement * Fate * Autonomy.

Question 39

What does Crompton (2003) suggest as a measure for defining simple class groupings?

Answer 39

Occupation.

Question 40

What did Goldthrope et al. (1968) argue about the working class?

Answer 40

They developed new forms of identity that are privatised or home-centered.

Question 41

What important differences did Devine (1992) suggest exist between the new working class and middle classes?

Answer 41

There are still important differences in values and lifestyles.

Question 42

What percentage of the UK's total wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% according to Self and Zealey (2007)?

Answer 42

21%.

Question 43

What percentage of global wealth is owned by the world's richest 1% according to Davies et al. (2008)?

Answer 43

40%.

Question 44

According to Connell et al. (1987), how are gender identities formed?

Answer 44

They are socially constructed, not biologically determined.

Question 45

What did Lips (1993) argue regarding male and female identities?

Answer 45

Differences do not occur naturally from biological differences.

Question 46

What are the two forms of dominant gender identities identified by Connell (1995)?

Answer 46

* Hegemonic masculinity * Emphasised femininity.

Question 47

List the forms of masculinity identified by Schauer (2004).

Answer 47

* Subordinate masculinities * Subversive masculinities * Complicit masculinities * Marginalized masculinities.

Question 48

What are the four ways that Ann Oakley (1972) suggests girls and boys are socialized differently?

Answer 48

* By manipulation * By canalisation * By verbal appellation * By different activities ## Footnote Each method highlights different approaches to gender socialization in childhood.

Question 49

What do Chambers et al (2003) argue about normalized identities?

Answer 49

They struggle with creating a femininity that will secure male approval. ## Footnote This reflects the societal pressures women face regarding their identities.

Question 50

What does Froyum (2005) suggest about assertive femininities?

Answer 50

They are adopted to resist male power without actually threatening to overthrow such powers. ## Footnote This indicates a nuanced approach to feminism.

Question 51

What emphasis does Hollows (2000) place on girl power?

Answer 51

The importance of female friendships and 'sex is fun'. ## Footnote This perspective promotes empowerment among young women.

Question 52

What concepts does McRobbie (1996) associate with femininity?

Answer 52

* Individualism * Liberty * Entitlement of traditional sexual self-expressions ## Footnote These concepts contribute to a modern understanding of female identity.

Question 53

What does Evans (2006) point to as a part of a new gender regime?

Answer 53

Female individualism that frees women from traditional constraints. ## Footnote This shift highlights evolving gender roles.

Question 54

What does Ossorio (2003) argue about the notion of race?

Answer 54

The simple biological notion of race is wrong; there is no solid scientific evidence of genetically different racial groups. ## Footnote This challenges traditional views on race.

Question 55

According to the Center for Social Welfare Research (1999), how is identity perceived?

Answer 55

Identity is in some sense ethnic, related to how we are perceived and treated by others. ## Footnote This highlights the social construction of identity.

Question 56

What does Winston (2005) say about ethnic identities?

Answer 56

They develop when people see themselves as distinctive in some way from others. ## Footnote This suggests a self-awareness in ethnic identity formation.

Question 57

How does Song (2003) suggest ethnic identities are expressed?

Answer 57

In terms of distinctive markers such as a common ancestry and memories of a shared past. ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of history in identity.

Question 58

What does Wimmer (2008) argue regarding ethnic identities?

Answer 58

They are defined in relation to other ethnic groups by constructing a sense of difference. ## Footnote This illustrates the relational aspect of ethnic identity.

Question 59

What claim does Philippe Aries (1962) make about childhood in the Middle Ages?

Answer 59

He claims there were no childhoods as children were seen as adults. ## Footnote This reflects historical perspectives on childhood.

Question 60

What are the three types of adult control of children according to Hood Williams (1990)?

Answer 60

* Space * Time * Body ## Footnote These categories illustrate how adults regulate children's lives.

Question 61

What does Neil Postman (1994) argue about the impact of technology on childhood?

Answer 61

Childhood changed with the growth of television, computers, and videos, exposing them to the adult world earlier. ## Footnote This highlights the influence of media on childhood.

Question 62

What does Rampton (2002) say about identity construction in postmodern societies?

Answer 62

It involves assembling a sense of identity from many changing options. ## Footnote This reflects the complexity of modern identity.

Question 63

What does Peele (2004) argue about class identities?

Answer 63

Recent global economic changes have blurred traditional class identities. ## Footnote This indicates a shift in how class is perceived.

Question 64

According to Savage (2007), how has the meaning of class categories changed?

Answer 64

The meaning has changed and is placed more on individuals than a group. ## Footnote This suggests a more individualized understanding of class.

Question 65

What does Benyon (2002) argue regarding masculine identity?

Answer 65

Contemporary global societies are experiencing a crisis of masculine identity caused by: * Long term unemployment * A loss of traditional male employment in manufacturing industries * Lower educational achievement relative to girls * The rise of female-friendly service industries ## Footnote This outlines the challenges facing modern masculinity.