Chapter 1

Question 1

atomic radius

Answer 1

distance** btwn nucleus and vse-** **OR half the bond length of diatomic molecule **

Question 2

atomic radius trends

Answer 2

increases with increasing number of electron shells and decreases w number of protons within an atom

Question 3

electronegativity

Answer 3

measure of an atom’s attraction for vse-

FONClBrISCH

Question 4

EN trends on the F row

Answer 4

subtract 0.5 as you go to the left

Question 5

ionic bond

Answer 5

two ions held together by opposite charges in a 3D lattice

Question 6

covalent bonding

Answer 6

sharing of e- btwn nuclei at appropriate bond length
- can be described as more or less polar

Question 7

bond length

Answer 7

distance btwn two covalently bonded nuclei

Question 8

bond angle

Answer 8

angle formed btwn two covalent bonds

Question 9

bond dissociation energy

Answer 9

the **energy required **for homolytic cleavage of a bond

Question 10

homolytic cleavage

Answer 10

covalent bond broken equally –> 2 radicals

Question 11

heterolytic cleavage

Answer 11

cleavage of bond –> cation and anion
- **one atom **retains the **both e- from the bond **

Question 12

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 12

**atoms share e- equally

Question 13

polar covalent bond

Answer 13

atoms share bonding e- unequally due to differences in EN –> partial charges

Question 14

dipole moment

Answer 14

indicates size and direction of polarity of molecule

Question 15

when all bond dipoles cancel out

Answer 15

the molecule is nonpolar

Question 16

when all bond dipoles don’t completely cancel

Answer 16

entire molecule has a dipole –> polar

Question 17

compounds w only C-Hs are

Answer 17

nonpolar

Question 18

ion-ion forces

Answer 18

attraction btwn opp charged ions and repulsion btwn liked charged ions very strong

Question 19

LDFs

Answer 19

**small uneven distribution of e- **–> temporary dipoles occur and induce dipoles in another molecule

Question 20

I2 in water LDFs

Answer 20

water induces a partial positive charge on the iodine atoms it interacts with –> dipole-induced dipole moment

Question 21

hybridization

Answer 21

atomic valence orbitals combine to form mixed e- orbitals

Question 22

all single bonds in organic compounds are

Answer 22

sigma

Question 23

sigma bonds

Answer 23

formed by overlap of two s orbitals –> energy released as e- in each atom are attracted to its own nucleus and to the **other nucleus **

Question 24

pi bond

Answer 24

side-side overlap of** 2p orbitals**

Question 25

What is the significance of the arrow in arrow pushing mechanisms?

Answer 25

The arrow shows the movement of electrons during a reaction step, originating from a source of electrons to a destination

Question 26

What does the arrow with a single barb indicate in mechanisms?

Answer 26

movement of a **single electron**, typically in homolytic bond cleavage

Question 27

How does bond polarity influence heterolytic cleavage?

Answer 27

Electrons tend to go to the **more electronegative atom** during **heterolytic cleavage**.

Question 28

How do you modify Lewis structures for unsaturated compounds from saturated ones?

Answer 28

Replace single bonds with double or triple bonds by removing unshared pairs from adjacent atoms and forming multiple bonds.

Question 29

bonding molecular orbitals

Answer 29

result from constructive interference (in phase)

Question 30

antibonding MOs

Answer 30

orbitals out of phase --> destructive interference --> higher energy than bonding MOs

Question 31

sp3 hybridization

Answer 31

s + p + p + p --> 4 sp3 orbitals - sigma bonds only - lone pairs are in sp3 orbitals

Question 32

sp2 hybridization

Answer 32

s + p + p = 3 sp2 orbitals - one unhybridized p orbital (forms pi bonds) - sigma and pi bonds - trigonal planar - lone pairs in sp2

Question 33

sp hybridization

Answer 33

s + p --> 2 sp * sigma and pi bonds present * triple bonds composed of one sigma and two pi bonds * lone pairs are in sp orbitals * an sp hybridized atom has two p orbitals which form two pi bonds.