chapter 1

Question 1

code of Hammurabi

Answer 1

created by king of babylonia (Iraq)

Question 2

first legal code of western civilization - law of talion

Answer 2

retaliation or “eye for eye,” includes 282 clauses, civil law but outlines punishment for crimes

Question 3

monastic confinement

Answer 3

for violations of canon law

Question 4

bridewells

Answer 4

workhouses for poor, vagrants

Question 5

houses of corrections

Answer 5

forced work to discipline and punish

Question 6

Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 6

early founder of classical school of criminology, advocated moderation in punishment

Question 7

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

Answer 7

early criminologist, advocated that punishment should be public

Question 8

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 8

early criminologist, thought the law should help keep society safe, punishment would deter criminal behavior if proportionate to crime

Question 9

development of positivism

Answer 9

assumptions about the natural world must be able to be proven scientifically, logically, or mathematically

Question 10

positivism

Answer 10

social world operates according to laws like the physical world, adopted to explain cause of crime in society

Question 11

early prisons

Answer 11

harsh environments, no hope for pardon. 18th century = reform of early prison system

Question 12

John howard

Answer 12

sheriff in bedfordshire, england. first prison reformer. advocated for more humane conditions

Question 13

Alexander Maconochie

Answer 13

director of british prison colony in australia. set up the “mark system”. cruel treatment was reduced.

Question 14

mark system

Answer 14

brutual treatment was discouraged and convicts were awarded “marks” to encourage effort

Question 15

Walter Crofton

Answer 15

developed the irish mark system. early release = time requirement, good behavior, vocational training. spread to US = development of parole

Question 16

Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (1787)

Answer 16

better treatment and living conditions for prisoners

Question 17

penitentiary

Answer 17

prison for people guilty of serious crimes. 1818 - eastern state and western penitentiary.

Question 18

new york penal system

Answer 18

newgate prison (1797). war of 1812 = auburn penitentiary, known for maximum security and harsh treatment.

Question 19

rehabilitation movement

Answer 19

first correctional congress held in Cincy OH (1870), new/progessive ideas in corrections, declaration of principles, marks system

Question 20

reformatory model at elmira

Answer 20

Superintendent - zebulon Brockway. focus on rehabilitation - payment of inmates for work, supervision of inmates in community, devlopment of parole

Question 21

medical model of rehabilitation

Answer 21

advocated the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention

Question 22

rise of prison population

Answer 22

1995 - 2008, signifcant growth.
2008 - 2.3 mil imprisoned

Question 23

prison violence

Answer 23

verbal abuse - physical assaults. prison enviroment contributes to violence.

Question 24

rise of modern management

Answer 24

federal burearu of prisons (1930), state deparment of corrections

Question 25

evidence based programs

Answer 25

analysis of programs using scientifically approved methods. discover which programs are effective, in which setting and what frequency

Question 26

increased use of technology

Answer 26

electronic monitoring (EM), technocorrections - using technology to monitor prison populations.

Question 27

general deterrent effect

Answer 27

Punishing one offender discourages others from committing similar acts. to be effective, people must believe if they violate law, they will be caught and punished.

Question 28

specific deterrence

Answer 28

offender will decide against repeat offending after experiencing punishment for that offense

Question 29

incapacitation

Answer 29

isolating the offender to protect society. adoption of touch sentencing, habitual offender, and "three-strikes" laws.

Question 30

selective incapacitation

Answer 30

identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long-term incarceration. difficult to discern who will commit future crimes and produces false positives.

Question 31

rehabilitation

Answer 31

Provides offender with services and programs that assist in changing character, attitudes, and behaviors. based on being able to predict the future needs of offenders, not the gravity of the current offense.

Question 32

retribution

Answer 32

punishment is justified if and only if it is deserved because of a past crime.

Question 33

restorative justice

Answer 33

making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense. designed to reintegrate offender into the community

Question 34

equity/restitution

Answer 34

offenders must pay back their victims for their loss, the system for costs related to processing their cases, and society for the disruption caused by the crime