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Bio 181 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biology?

A

Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments.

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2
Q

What are the key foundations of Biology?

A

Biology is founded on cell theory and evolution.

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3
Q

What does the term ‘Bio’ refer to?

A

Bio refers to living things.

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4
Q

What does the term ‘ology’ refer to?

A

Ology refers to the study of.

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of all substances?

A

Atoms, such as Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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6
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is formed by two or more atoms (e.g., H2O - water).

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7
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules are formed by the chemical combination of molecules such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is made up of macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Also a small structure that exist within cells

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9
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

The smallest unit of life is a cell (e.g., stem cell, leaf cell, root cell).

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10
Q

What is a population in biological terms?

A

A population is a group of individuals of the same species in the same area.

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11
Q

What is a community in biological terms?

A

A community is composed of populations of all species in the same area.

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12
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a community and its environment, including living and non-living components.

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13
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The biosphere includes all regions of the Earth where organisms live.

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14
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

Multiple Cells working together

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15
Q

What is a Organ

A

Unit of tissues working together

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16
Q

What is a Organism?

A

Individual consisting of one or more cells

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17
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Set of organs working together

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18
Q

What are the shared traits of life?

A

Organisms are highly organized and coordinated; they maintain homeostasis; they contain DNA that carries hereditary information; they have the capacity to do work (energy); they require essential nutrients; they undergo development; they grow; and they reproduce.

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19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within a range that favors cell survival.

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20
Q

What does DNA stand for and what is its role?

A

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it carries hereditary information that guides development and functioning.

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21
Q

What is energy in the context of living organisms?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work and is not cycled; it flows in one direction.

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22
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Nutrients are atoms or molecules essential for life that cannot be made by organisms and are cycled between organisms and the environment.

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23
Q

What is development in biological terms?

A

Development is a multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult.

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24
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth refers to an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells in multicellular species.

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25
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the various processes by which individuals produce offspring, including DNA duplication in single-celled organisms and the production of germline cells in multicellular organisms.
26
What is a food chain?
A food chain is a sequence that shows how energy and nutrients flow from producers to consumers.
27
What are producers?
Producers are organisms that require energy and raw materials from the environment to make their own food through processes like photosynthesis.
28
What are consumers?
Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food and get energy by eating producers and other organisms.
29
What is the 10% rule in ecology?
The 10% rule states that only 10% of energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next in a food chain.
30
What is the study of life?
The study of life involves understanding organisms and their classifications.
31
How are organisms classified?
Organisms can be classified into broad groups depending on whether they have a nucleus.
32
What is a nucleus?
A nucleus is a sac with two membranes that encloses and protects a cell's DNA.
33
What are prokaryotic organisms?
Prokaryotic organisms are those whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus.
34
What are bacteria?
Bacteria are the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.
35
What are eukaryotic organisms?
Eukaryotic organisms are those whose DNA is contained within a nucleus.
36
What is the size and complexity of eukaryotic organisms compared to prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular and are larger and more complex than bacteria or archaea.
37
What is taxonomic classification?
Taxonomic classification organizes organisms with shared characteristics.
38
Who developed the binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature (scientific name).
39
Why is taxonomic classification important?
It helps us understand evolutionary relationships.
40
What are the domains of living things?
The domains of living things include Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. ## Footnote Domain in the most inclusive
41
What are the kingdoms of living things?
The kingdoms of living things include Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
42
What are the characteristics of Protists?
Protists are the simplest eukaryotes and can be single or multicellular.
43
What defines Fungi?
Fungi can be single or multicellular, such as mushrooms, and many are decomposers.
44
What defines Plants?
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes, and most are photosynthetic producers.
45
What defines Animals?
Animals are multicellular consumers.
46
What is the scientific method?
The scientific method applies the hypothetico-deductive method, where hypotheses and theories must be testable and repeatable.
47
What is a key feature of taxonomic classifications?
All taxonomic classifications have their first letter capitalized, except for species.
48
What is the first step of the scientific method?
Observation: Notice something interesting or unusual in the natural world.
49
What is the second step of the scientific method?
Hypothesis: Formulate a testable explanation or educated guess about the observation.
50
What is the third step of the scientific method?
Experiment: Test the hypothesis.
51
What is the fourth step of the scientific method?
Analysis: Analyze the data collected during the experiment.
52
What is the fifth step of the scientific method?
Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on the analysis of the data.
53
What is the goal of hypothesis testing?
Reject the null hypothesis or support the hypothesis.
54
What is an independent variable?
What you are testing in an experiment; must be only one thing.
55
What is a dependent variable?
What is being measured in the experiment; can be quantitative or qualitative data.
56
What is a controlled variable?
Parts of the experiment you want to keep the same for all trials.
57
What is a control group?
A trial that is not influenced by the independent variable, used as a benchmark to compare results of other trials.
58
What is a theory in science?
A theory is broader in scope than a hypothesis and is supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis.
59
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output, bringing the system back to a stable state. ## Footnote Example: Body temperature.
60
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output, amplifying the result of a reaction to make it occur more quickly. ## Footnote Example: Childbirth.

Bio 181 (2 decks)

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