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Chapter 1 introduction to developmental psychology in adulthood > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main stages of adulthood outlined by Gross (2015)?

A
  • Early Adulthood (20-39 years)
  • Middle Adulthood (40-59 years)
  • Late Adulthood (60+ years)

Late adulthood is further divided into young-old, old-old, and oldest-old categories.

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2
Q

What is the primary focus of Early Adulthood?

A

Career development, forming intimate relationships, and establishing independence.

This stage is often associated with physical peak performance and major life transitions.

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3
Q

What characterizes Middle Adulthood?

A

Career stability, family responsibilities, and physical changes such as menopause.

This stage involves reflection on life achievements and personal fulfillment.

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4
Q

What is generativity vs. stagnation according to Erikson’s theory?

A

A stage in Middle Adulthood where individuals reflect on their contributions to society and personal growth.

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5
Q

What are the three subcategories of Late Adulthood?

A
  • Young-old (65-74 years)
  • Old-old (75-84 years)
  • Oldest-old (85+ years)

Each subcategory has distinct characteristics regarding health and cognitive changes.

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6
Q

What is the Lifespan Development Theory proposed by Paul Baltes?

A

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and involves gains and losses.

It emphasizes that adaptation and change are possible throughout life.

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7
Q

What does the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model entail?

A
  • Selection: Focusing on fewer, meaningful goals.
  • Optimization: Refining skills to maintain performance.
  • Compensation: Using alternative strategies to cope with aging-related declines.
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8
Q

What forces influence adult development?

A
  • Biological: Health, genetics, sensory abilities.
  • Psychological: Memory, emotions, personality changes.
  • Sociocultural: Society, relationships, roles.
  • Life-Cycle: Same events affect people differently at different life stages.
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9
Q

True or False: Aging is often viewed as a period of inevitable decline.

A

True.

Research emphasizes successful aging where individuals remain active and engaged.

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10
Q

What is optimal aging?

A

Age-related changes that improve an individual’s functioning and well-being.

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11
Q

What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary aging?

A
  • Primary aging: Gradual physical deterioration.
  • Secondary aging: Accelerated deterioration due to disease or unhealthy lifestyle.
  • Tertiary aging: Terminal decline just before death.
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12
Q

What is social age?

A

The degree to which a person’s role in society meets societal expectations and norms.

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13
Q

What does functional age assess?

A

A person’s overall ability to function effectively in their environment, considering biological, psychological, and social capacities.

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14
Q

What is subjective age?

A

How individuals perceive their own age compared to certain reference age groups.

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15
Q

What is cognitive age?

A

Encompasses how old an individual feels, looks, engages in age-typical activities, and aligns personal interests with age groups.

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16
Q

What are normative age-graded influences?

A

Biological or environmental factors strongly related to chronological age, occurring in a predictable pattern.

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17
Q

What are non-normative influences?

A

Unique, unpredictable events that affect an individual’s life, not tied to a specific age or historical period.

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18
Q

What is the significance of studying adulthood and aging?

A

Understanding increasing life expectancy and its impact on psychology, healthcare, and social policies.

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19
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture in the context of aging?

A
  • Nature: Inherited traits affecting health and cognition.
  • Nurture: Lifestyle choices, education, and social interactions shaping development.
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20
Q

What does psychological age refer to?

A

The ability of a person to adjust to their environment and cope with associated challenges compared to peers.

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21
Q

What is the ageless self?

A

The experience that adults feel young despite physical, biological, and chronological aging.

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22
Q

What is the significance of studying adulthood and aging?

A

75% of human development occurs during adulthood, emphasizing the need for its study.

The fields of Gerontology and Geropsychology emerged to understand cognitive, emotional, and social changes in later life.

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23
Q

What are the two types of changes discussed in relation to human development?

A

Quantitative and qualitative changes.

Quantitative changes refer to the degree or amount of change, while qualitative changes refer to the kind or type of change.

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24
Q

What does the mechanistic perspective of development emphasize?

A

Individuals are passive, shaped by biological and environmental forces. Development is continuous and quantitative.

Growth progresses steadily until maturity, followed by gradual decline.

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25
What characterizes the organismic perspective of development?
Development follows internally driven patterns and occurs in stages. Each stage is qualitatively different and more advanced than the previous. ## Footnote People are active participants in their development.
26
What does the interactionist perspective focus on?
The interaction of genetics and environment in shaping development. ## Footnote It acknowledges individual differences and that development is multidirectional, multidimensional, and plastic.
27
What are the four domains of development?
Physical, cognitive, personality, and social development. ## Footnote Each domain is interrelated, affecting various aspects of an individual's life.
28
What is quantitative research?
Research developed from natural sciences using statistical data for information and predictions. ## Footnote Example: Questionnaires sent to thousands to study chocolate consumption and obesity.
29
What is qualitative research?
Research aimed at providing in-depth understanding of experiences, emphasizing individual feelings and thoughts. ## Footnote Example: Exploring students' emotions regarding chocolate consumption.
30
What is mixed-method research?
Research that combines both qualitative and quantitative methods. ## Footnote It provides a more comprehensive picture of the research topic.
31
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?
To provide a tentative assumption or educated prediction about the study's outcome. ## Footnote It guides the study's objectives and type of information needed.
32
What is convenience sampling?
Selecting participants who are easily accessible, which may lead to poor representation of the population. ## Footnote Volunteers often differ from the general population in various characteristics.
33
What is stratified sampling?
Creating a sample that mirrors the characteristics of the entire population. ## Footnote Ensures representation across different demographics.
34
What is systematic observation in research?
Watching and recording people's behavior in a structured manner. ## Footnote Commonly used with children and can include naturalistic and structured observations.
35
What are the advantages of experimental research?
Control over variables and the ability to produce specific conclusions. ## Footnote Results can often be duplicated.
36
What is correlational research?
Research that examines relationships between variables without implying causation. ## Footnote Example: The correlation between watching violent sports and exhibiting violent behavior.
37
What is a case study?
An in-depth study of a single individual or event. ## Footnote Useful for rare cases but findings are not generalizable.
38
What is meta-analysis?
A method that statistically analyzes existing data to derive better conclusions. ## Footnote It is increasingly popular in psychology for synthesizing research findings.
39
What is the longitudinal design in research?
Studying the same sample of people at different stages over time. ## Footnote It provides insights into continuity and discontinuity of phenomena.
40
What does the lifespan developmental perspective emphasize?
Development is lifelong, multidimensional, and involves physical, cognitive, and social aspects. ## Footnote 75% of human development occurs during adulthood.
41
What is the definition of Gerontology?
The multidisciplinary study of old age and the aging process. ## Footnote It involves psychologists, medical scientists, and sociologists.
42
What is the definition of Geropsychology?
A branch of psychology that studies psychological changes in later life. ## Footnote It includes both normal and abnormal changes.
43
What percentage of human development occurs during adulthood?
75%
44
What are the three dimensions of development?
* Physical * Cognitive * Social
45
What does the prospective method involve?
Sampling a group of people before they develop a specific type of behavior or experience a particular event
46
What is a disadvantage of the longitudinal method?
* Expensive * Difficult to hold participants * Participants become test-wise * Issues of validity with changing questionnaires * Drop-out effect negatively impacts research outcomes * Measurement effect due to observation
47
What is a cross-sectional study?
Involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time
48
What are some advantages of cross-sectional design?
* Time-saving * Inexpensive * Avoids repeated practice effects * Allows for collection of data on multiple variables * Can prompt further research
49
What limitations does cross-sectional design have?
* Provides no information on individual changes over time * Cannot differentiate cause and effect * Subject to cohort differences * Reporting biases may occur
50
What is the sequential design?
A mixed design combining longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
51
What is the aim of cross-cultural research?
* Discover universal principles * Discover principles unique to specific cultures
52
What are the gains experienced by older adults?
* Increased wisdom * Expertise * Emotional regulation * Life satisfaction
53
What are the losses associated with aging?
* Decline in physical health * Processing speed * Sometimes cognitive function
54
What does the Selective Optimization with Compensation Model explain?
How older adults adjust to aging-related changes by focusing on strengths, optimizing skills, and compensating for declines
55
What are some preventative strategies for successful aging?
* Staying socially active * Staying mentally active
56
What has the internet changed in research methods?
* Literature gathering * Participant recruitment * Empirical data collection
57
What are the advantages of conducting research on the internet?
* Broadened scope of scientific resources * Opportunities for global collaboration * Larger and more representative samples * Inexpensive and time-saving data collection
58
What are the pitfalls of internet research?
* Not as representative as random sampling * Exclusion of people without internet access * Lack of researcher management * Loss of non-verbal cues
59
What ethical considerations must psychologists ensure during research?
* Protection from psychological and physical harm * Informed consent * Confidentiality * Non-harmful procedures
60
What populations are considered vulnerable in research ethics?
* Children * The aged * Disabled people
61
What is required for research to be ethically approved at the University of Namibia?
Approval from different research ethics committees

Chapter 1 introduction to developmental psychology in adulthood (2 decks)

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