Chapter 1 - 1.A

Question 1

Helminths

Answer 1

Multicellular animals whose mature form is visible to the naked eye. They are technically not a microorganism.

A term that designates all parasitic worms.

Question 2

Acellular

Answer 2

not consisting of, divided into, or containing cells.

Examples are: Viruses and Prions

Question 3

Algae

Answer 3

Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.

Question 4

Bacteria

Answer 4

When capitalized, can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese containing all nonarchaea prokaryotes.

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosome(s). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth’s habitats.

Question 5

Prion

Answer 5

A concocted word to denote “Proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.

Question 6

Cytopathic

Answer 6

of, pertaining to, or producing damage to living cells.

Question 7

Encephalopathy

Answer 7

a disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition (such as viral infection or toxins in the blood).
“a picture of how these encephalopathies are transmitted”

Question 8

Archaea

Answer 8

Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats; unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea), the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.

Question 9

Fungi

Answer 9

(Singular, Fungus) Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular.

Question 10

Protozoa

Answer 10

A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms.

Question 11

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 11

Small cells lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms.

Prokaryotes mean “Prenucleus”

Question 12

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 12

A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly having a nuclear membrane (A well defined nucleus), membrane-bound subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.

Eukary means “True Nucleus”

Question 13

Evolution

Answer 13

The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments.

Question 14

Ubiquitous

Answer 14

Ubiquitous means found everywhere.

Question 15

Photosynthesis

Answer 15

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen (Called oxygenic photosynthesis).

Question 16

Fermentation

Answer 16

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
the process of fermentation involved in the making of beer, wine, and liquor, in which sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol.

Question 17

Biotechnology

Answer 17

When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting.

Question 18

Bioremediation

Answer 18

The ability of microorganisms - ones already present or those introduced intentionally - to restore the stability of an ecosystem or to clean up toxic pollutants.

Question 19

Infectious Disease

Answer 19

Any disease caused by a microorganism.

Question 20

Pathogen

Answer 20

Any agent (Usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease.

Question 21

Organelles

Answer 21

Organelles are small, membrane-bound structures in the eukaryotic cell that performs specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Question 22

Lipid

Answer 22

any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.

Question 23

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 23

The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life.

Question 24

Abiogenesis

Answer 24

a = without
bio = life
genesis = beginning

“Beginning in absence of life.

the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances.
“to construct any convincing theory of abiogenesis, we must take into account the condition of the Earth about 4 billion years ago”

Another term for Spontaneous Generation

Question 25

Biogenesis

Answer 25

"Beginning with life" Historical- Living things arise only from others of their same kind. 1. The synthesis of substances by living organisms.

Question 26

Spore

Answer 26

A minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans. BOTANY (in a plant exhibiting alternation of generations) a haploid reproductive cell which gives rise to a gametophyte. MICROBIOLOGY (in bacteria) a rounded resistant form adopted by a bacterial cell in adverse conditions.

Question 27

Endospore

Answer 27

a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells. the inner layer of the membrane or wall of some spores and pollen grains.

Question 28

Sterile

Answer 28

Free of all life forms including spores and virus particles.

Question 29

Aseptic Techniques

Answer 29

A collection of medical practices and procedures that helps protect patients from dangerous germs.

Question 30

Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 30

In medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.

Question 31

Pasteurize

Answer 31

subject (milk, wine, or other products) to a process of partial sterilization, especially one involving heat treatment or irradiation, thus making the product safe for consumption and improving its keeping quality. "dairies were now required by law to pasteurize milk"

Question 32

Macromolecule

Answer 32

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer. (Book Definition)Large, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, most notably biochemicals. All macromolecules except lipids are formed by polymerization.

Question 33

Polymer

Answer 33

A macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating units; examples: Starch, protein, DNA

Question 34

Monomer

Answer 34

A simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules.

Question 35

Polymerization

Answer 35

Any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.

Question 36

Glycan

Answer 36

another term for polysaccharide. | "glycan is released by parasites to help them evade the body's immune system"

Question 37

Saccharide

Answer 37

Scientific term for sugar. Refers to a simple carbohydrate with a sweet taste.

Question 38

Polysaccharide

Answer 38

A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides; examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen.

Question 39

Monosaccharide

Answer 39

A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for more complex carbohydrates.

Question 40

Chitin

Answer 40

A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeleton of arthropods and certain fungi.

Question 41

Carbohydrate

Answer 41

A compound containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 42

Cellulose

Answer 42

A long, fibrous polymer composed of beta-glucose; one of the most common substances on earth.

Question 43

Glycogen

Answer 43

A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.

Question 44

Hydrolyze (Hydrolysis)

Answer 44

``` break down (a compound) by chemical reaction with water. "bile acids were hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions" undergo chemical breakdown due to reaction with water. "CMA can easily hydrolyze into free acetic acid" ```

Question 45

Agar

Answer 45

a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods. (Polysaccharide)

Question 46

Peptidoglycan

Answer 46

A special class of compounds in which polysacccharides (glycan) are linked to peptide fragments (a short chain of amino acids). This molecule provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.

Question 47

Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 47

A complex molecule containing both lipid and polysaccharide parts. Book definition: A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrates (Saccharides) found in the bacterial cell wall. the "LPS" of a gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever.

Question 48

Glycoprotein

Answer 48

Any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide.

Question 49

Glycocalyx

Answer 49

Pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells.

Question 50

Pericellular

Answer 50

of, relating to, occurring in, or being the tissues surrounding a cell.

Question 51

Lipid

Answer 51

Derived from the Greek word lipos, meaning fat, is not a chemical designation but an operational term for a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and chloroform.

Question 52

Protein

Answer 52

Chains of amino Acids. Typically contains a minimum of 50 amino acids IE: Enzymes; part of cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, antibodies. Serve as structural components and perform metabolic reactions.

Question 53

Amino Acid

Answer 53

Molecules that combine to form protein. | They have a basic skeleton consisting of a carbon, a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable "R" group.

Question 54

Peptide Bond

Answer 54

The covalent union between two amino acids that forms between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other. The basic bond of proteins.

Question 55

Nucleic Acid

Answer 55

A polymeric strand of nucleotides; exists in two forms: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 56

Nucleotide

Answer 56

Pentose sugar + phosphate + Nitrogen base ``` Nitrogen bases Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U). ``` The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only), and Uracil (RNA only).

Question 57

Nitrogen Base

Answer 57

A ringed compound of which pyrimidines and purines are types.

Question 58

Nitrogenous Base

Answer 58

A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code. Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine is found exclusively in DNA and Uracil is found exclusively in RNA.

Question 59

Purines

Answer 59

A nitrogen base that is an important encoding component of DNA and RNA. The two most common purines are adenine and guanine.

Question 60

Pyrimidines

Answer 60

Nitrogen bases that help form the genetic code on DNA and RNA. Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine are the most important pyrimidines.

Question 61

Triglycerides

Answer 61

Fatty acids + Glycerol A type of lipid composed of glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids. Major component of cell membranes; storage.

Question 62

Glycerol

Answer 62

3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve and binding sites.

Question 63

Fatty Acids

Answer 63

Long chains of hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that is free to bind to the glycerol. The hydrocarbon portion of a fatty acid can vary in length from 4 to 24 carbons-and, depending on the fat, it may be saturated or unsaturated. If all carbons in the chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens, it is saturated. If there is at least one C=C double bond in the chain, it is unsaturated. The structure of fatty acids is what gives fats and oils (liquid fats) their greasy, insoluble nature. In general, solid fats (such as butter) are more saturated, and liquid fats (Such as oils) are more unsaturated.

Question 64

Phospholipids

Answer 64

Fatty acids + Glycerol + Phosphate | IE: Membrane components

Question 65

Waxes

Answer 65

Fatty acids, alcohols IE: Mycolic acid Cell wall of mycobacteria

Question 66

Steroids

Answer 66

Complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and as animal hormones. IE: Cholesterol, ergosterol. In membranes of eukaryotes and some bacteria

Question 67

Hydrophobic

Answer 67

1. tending to repel or fail to mix with water. 2. of or suffering from hydrophobia.

Question 68

Hydrophilic

Answer 68

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. "hydrophilic amino acids"

Question 69

Globule

Answer 69

a small round particle of a substance; a drop. | "globules of fat"

Question 70

Lipases

Answer 70

a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols.

Question 71

Micelles

Answer 71

an aggregate of molecules in a colloidal solution, such as those formed by detergents.

Question 72

Aggregate

Answer 72

a whole formed by combining several (typically disparate) elements. "the council was an aggregate of three regional assemblies" 2. a material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles. "the specimen is an aggregate of rock and mineral fragments"

Question 73

Colloid (Colloidal)

Answer 73

a homogeneous noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle, and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

Question 74

Detergent

Answer 74

a water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble, and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water. "liquid detergents"

Question 75

Glycolipid

Answer 75

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.[1] Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues.[2] Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.[2]

Question 76

Sterol

Answer 76

any of a group of naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols, typically waxy solids. A steroid that has an OH group.

Question 77

Cholesterol

Answer 77

Best-known member of a group of lipids called steroids. Cholesterol is commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones as well as unusal group of cell-wall-deficient bacteria called the mycoplasmas.

Question 78

Mycoplasmas

Answer 78

any of a group of small typically parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and sometimes cause diseases.

Question 79

Wax

Answer 79

An ester formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid.

Question 80

Ester

Answer 80

an organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other organic group. Many naturally occurring fats and essential oils are esters of fatty acids.

Question 81

Alkyl

Answer 81

of or denoting a hydrocarbon radical derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom. "alkyl halides"

Question 82

Alkane

Answer 82

any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, and higher members.

Question 83

Peptide

Answer 83

Refers to a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

Question 84

Polypeptide

Answer 84

Contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein.

Question 85

Protoplasm

Answer 85

the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles. (Internal cell contents)

Question 86

Partition

Answer 86

(especially with reference to a country with separate areas of government) the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts. "the country's partition into separate states"

Question 87

Cytoplasmic

Answer 87

the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (as mitochondria or chloroplasts)

Question 88

Cyto

Answer 88

of a cell or cells

Question 89

Reductive Evolution

Answer 89

Evolution towards less complexity. The process by which microorganisms remove genes from their genome. It can occur when bacteria found in a free-living state enter a restrictive state (either as endosymbionts or parasites) or are completely absorbed by another organism becoming intracellular (symbiogenesis). The bacteria will adapt to survive and thrive in the restrictive state by altering and reducing its genome to get rid of the newly redundant pathways that are provided by the host.[1] In an endosymbiont or symbiogenesis relationship where both the guest and host benefit, the host can also undergo reductive evolution to eliminate pathways that are more efficiently provided for by the guest.

Question 90

Hemolysis

Answer 90

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

Question 91

Antibodies

Answer 91

Complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other mircroorganisms.

Question 92

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 92

A relative of RNA involved in an entirely different cell activity. It is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose and three phosphates rather than just one. Belongs to a category of high-energy compounds that gives off energy when the bond is broken between the second and third (Outermost) phosphate.

Question 93

Name three characteristics common to all cells.

Answer 93

Tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical, or cylindrical; their protoplasm (internal cell contents) is encased in a cell or cytoplasmic membrane; they have chromosomes containing DNA, and ribosomes for protein synthesis and they are exceedingly complex in function. Aside from the few similarities, the contents and structure of the three different cell types- bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic- differ significantly.

Question 94

Protein

Answer 94

The predominant organic molecules in cells. Made up of amino acids. Contains a minimum of 50 amino acids.

Question 95

Amino Acid

Answer 95

The building blocks of protein which exist in 20 different naturally occurring forms.

Question 96

Peptide

Answer 96

Short chains of amino acids.

Question 97

Polypeptide

Answer 97

contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein.