Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms - Molecules - - - Organ - – Organism

A

Atoms - Molecules - Organelle - Cell - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organizational level of the body (6)

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organs
System
Organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chemical level is _

What are the most important atoms and ions

A

Atoms - molecules - organelles

CHON & Na K Ca Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An organelle is_

A

The fundamental component of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular level is _

A

molecules - cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a cell?

Hint: mention all definitions and functions of a cell

A
  • Fundamental basic unit of all living things
  • Smallest unit of organism
  • It is quasi autonomous (partially independent/ self governing )
  • Functional and structural component for life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tissue level is _

A

Cells - tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a tissue?

A

grp of similar cells that fulfill same end function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F

similar cells derived from common stem cells have common general function

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F

Can each type of cell in a tissue have a diff role?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main types of tissue (4)

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Epithelial tissue do

A

cover surface of body and lines the internal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Connective tissue do?

A

support the body and protects the organs (filler tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the Muscle tissue do?

A

produce movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Nervous tissue do?

A

allow fast internal communication via transmission of electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Organ is_

A
  • tissue - organ
  • Made up of at least 2 organs
  • has a defined function and form
  • each organ has a specialized functional structure that executes specific activity that no other organ can do
  • can be a part of 2 systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

System is _

A
  • made up of organs that work together to accomplish common function
  • group of organs with relationships btw themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two main systems

A

CNS and the Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an organism?

A

group of systems that are interdependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Digestive system

A

breaks down nutrients, absorbs nutrients, eliminates unabsorbed matter (excretion of feces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Integumentary system

A

protects from environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Respiratory system

A

oxygen taken in and CO2 eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Urinary system

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Cardiovascular system do ?

A

blood carrys o2 + nutrients to cells and co2 and wastes to disposal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List 7 systems in the body

A 
CNS
Endocrine 
Urinary
Cardiovascular
Integumentary 
Digestive 
Respiratory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Homeostasis is_

A

equilibrium of internal systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two mechanisms to regulate Homeostasis

A

Negative and Positive Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • the most important of the 2 in terms of quantity
  • the system puts an end to the stimulus or decreases its intensity
  • the value of the variable changes in an opposite direction to the initial changes and returns to an optimal value
  • this prevents sudden and important changes at the level of the organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Positive Feedback

A
  • the least important of the 2 in terms of quantity
  • the value of the variable changes in the same direction to the initial changes and so requires a key event for it to stop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Negative Feedback mechanism

A

decreases intensity of the initial stimuli (stress e.g., temp/o2/noise/pain…
maintain the body parameter in the acceptable norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the negative feedback mechanism communicates in 2 ways:

A

chemical (slow,endocrine)

electric (rapid, nervous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

incapacity of the negative feedback mechanisms to restore equilibrium

A

death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

negative feedback system is comprised of 3 elements:

A

Receptors
Control center
Effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

negative feedback system is comprised of 2 pathways

A

Afferent

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

afferent –

A

brings information from the receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

efferent –

A

brings information from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Receptors

A
  • capture
  • monitor the environment
  • reacts to the stimuli (changes)
  • informs the control center of the level of the parameter via the afferent pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Control center

A
  • determines the optimal level of the parameter (sets the reference value)
  • analyses the data
  • determines the appropriate
    reaction/response
  • informs via the efferent pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Effectors

A
  • acts according to the instructions given by the control center
  • feedback that acts on the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Positive feedback mechanism

A
  • amplifies the initial stimulus
  • implies both the nervous & endocrine systems
  • more rare; applies to occasional events
  • causes the system to enter an unstable state
  • must have stop mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How to restore balance pathway? (negative feedback)

A

Stimulus (produces change in variable) - receptor (detects change) - input ( info sent along afferent pathway to the control center) - Control center - output (information sent along efferent pathway to effector) - Effector - Response ( of the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

Blood clotting and uterus contraction during parturition (childbirth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

T/F

Large the sugar the less soluble it is?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The basic unit of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Pentose ( ribose and deoxyribose)

Hexoses ( glucose/fructose/galactose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What rxn forms a disaccharide?

A

Dehydration (synthesis) rxns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (table sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose (in milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose (in beer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Are mono and disaccharides soluble in water?

A

Yes

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

which carbohydrates are a great source of readily available energy (2)

A

mon and disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T/F

Disaccharides are too large to cross thru the cell membrane

A

T

They need to be broken down via hydrolysis (during digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

long chain of simple sugars joined together thru synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

T/F

polysaccharides are too large to cross thru the cell membrane

A

T

They need to be broken down via hydrolysis (during digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Are polysaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?

A

Hydrophobic in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the use of polysaccharides?

A

storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

2 important polysaccharides in our organism?

A

starch and glycogen

58
Q

What is the main use of starch?

A

sugar reserves in plants

59
Q

What is the main use of glycogen?

A

sugar reserves in animals

60
Q

T/F

Is cellulose a type of monosaccharide?

A

No

It is a type of polysaccharide

61
Q

What is the main use of cellulose?

A

main substance in the walls of plant cells i.e. fiber wc aids in digestion

62
Q

Lipids or glucose release the most energy ?

A

glucose is easier to break for instant energy release but not a lot of energy is released compared to lipids

63
Q

Types of lipids (4)

A

Eicosanoids
steroids
phospholipids
neutral fats

64
Q

Lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic bcoz of the long carbon chain

65
Q

Neutral fats are also known as…

A

triglycerides or triacyclglycerols

66
Q

When solid neutral fats are know as…

A

fats

67
Q

When liquid neutral fats are know as…

A

oils

68
Q

What two parts make a triglycerides aka triacyclglycerols

A
  • 3 fatty acids tails

glycerol backbone

69
Q

Characteristics of neutral fats (4)

A
  • the principal source of energy reserve in org*
  • most concentrated source of usable energy in org
  • store energy wc is slower to obtain compared to glucose
  • non polar molecule
  • good thermal insulator and good protection against lesions of mechanical origin (protection and thermal insulator)
70
Q

What consists of

  • glycerol backbone
  • 2 fatty acid chains
  • 1 phosphate group
A

phospholipids/ phosphoglycerolipids

71
Q

Characteristics of phospholipids / phosphoglycerolipids (4)

A
  • basic component of the cell membrane
  • also found in the nervous tissue
  • amphipathic ( has both polar hydrocarbon tail and nonpolar hydrophilic head)
  • involved in lipid transportation in plasma
72
Q

Characteristics of steroids

A
  • insoluble

- flat molecule juxaposed hydrocarbon rings

73
Q

most important steroid for humans is..

A

cholesterol

74
Q

Cholesterol is used to produce…(4)

A

Vitamin D
steroids hormones
sex hormones
bile salts

75
Q

where is cholesterol present…

A

cell membranes

76
Q

what are steroid hormones used for?

A

maintain homeostasis

77
Q

bile salts function and origin

A

degradation product of cholesterol

- secreted by the liver an released into the gut for digestion and fat absorption

78
Q

vitamin D function and origin

A

produced under the skin by UV rays

- growth and normal function of bones

79
Q

sex hormones function and origin

A

Female hormones: estrogen & progesterone
Male hormones: testosterone
- secreted by the gonads
- essential for the functioning of the organs of the reproductive system

80
Q

adreno-cortical hormones function and origin

A

cortisol ( a corticosteroid)
-necessary hormone of metabolism to maintain a normal rate of blood sugar
aldosterone
-acts upon the kidneys thus contributing to the regulation of the equilibrium of salts and water

81
Q

cholesterol function and origin

A

basic constituent for the formation of all steroids in the organism

82
Q

lipoprotein function and origin

A

High density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins

- transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood

83
Q

Liposoluble vitamins

A

DEAK

84
Q

Vitamin E

A
  • found in green veggies

- cancer/wound healing/fertility

85
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • found fruits & veggies w orange pigment

- vision

86
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • found in foods and produced by humans intestinal bacteria rxns
  • blood coagulation
87
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • lipids derived from a 20 C fatty acid called arachidonic acid
88
Q

what is arachidonic acid

A

a 20 C fatty acid that forms Eicosanoids

89
Q

where are Eicosanoids found

A

present in cell membranes

90
Q

what are the most important Eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins & chemical mediators (wc allow hormones to be produced) +
direction hormones

91
Q

Eicosanoids function

A

participate in the functioning of –coagulation, inflammation
reaction & contractions during parturition

92
Q

Omega -3 Fatty acids aka

A

alpha-linolenic acid

93
Q

Omega -6 Fatty acids aka

A

linoleic acid

94
Q

Eicosanoids most similar to hormones (3)

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes

95
Q

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes origin

A

derived from fatty acids present in all cell
membranes
-

96
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • stimulation for the uterine contraction,
    -regulation of arterial pressure,
    -regulation of
    the mechanical actions of the digestive tube and the secretory activities
97
Q

prostaglandins & leukotrienes roles (these are types of eicosanoids)

A

role in inflammation reaction

98
Q

What is the function of thromboxanes

A

powerful vasoconstrictors

99
Q

what are proteins

A

principal structural material of the organism

100
Q

proteins contain what atoms

A

N C H O P S

101
Q

What is basic unit of the protein

A

amino acids

102
Q

What is the bond that joins amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

103
Q

Name the Categories of proteins? 2

A

globular (metabolic)

structural (fibrous)

104
Q

Characteristics globular (metabolic) proteins

A

compact & spherical

soluble molecules in water, mobile & chemically active

105
Q

Characteristics structural (fibrous) proteins

A
  • long & filiform
  • linear
  • insoluble in water
  • very stable
  • ideal material to ensure mechanical support to the tissues & a resistance to stretching
106
Q

examples of globular (metabolic) proteins

A

enzymes ( -ase ex.: lipase,

hormones

antibody ( immunoglobulins

hemoglobin

107
Q

examples of structural (fibrous) proteins

A

collagen (bone, connective tissue

keratin (skin, hair, nails

actin of the cytoskeleton (interior of the cell)

108
Q

collagen

A

present in all CT, most abundant protein in
the human body,
- give the resistance to stretching that
bone, tendon ligaments

109
Q

keratin

A

structural protein of hairs nails make skin

impermeable

110
Q

elastin

A

is found with collagen, in tissues requiring
resistance flexibility like ligaments that join bones
together

111
Q

spectrin

A

stabilize reinforces from within, the cell

membrane of certain cells like RBC

112
Q

dystrophin

A

reinforces stabilizes the inner surface of

the membranes of myocytes

113
Q

titin

A

intervene in the organization of the internal
structure of myocytes gives elasticity to skeletal
muscles

114
Q

fibrous protein that offer construction material, mechanical, support - 6

A

titin, dystrophin, spectrin, elastin, keratin collagen

115
Q

fibrous protein that offer movement

A

actin, and myosin

116
Q

actin, and myosin function

A
  • are contractile proteins present in large
    quantities in myocytes permitting contraction
    ( also intervenes with the division of all types
    of cells
117
Q

actin function

A

plays an important role in the intracellular transport, in particular in the nerve cells

118
Q

enzymes

A

Catalysis
globular proteins
- they multiply the speed of the chemical reaction
- proteins having an active site capable of forming a
bond with a substrate

119
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

transport
globular proteins
- found in the blood, transport O 2 CO 2

120
Q

albumin

A

pH adjustment
globular proteins
- act reversibly as acids or bases thus playing the role of buffers these prevent excessive variation in the pH of the blood

121
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport lipids cholesterol in the blood

122
Q

Protein functions

A

Catalysis, transport, pH adjustment, regulation
of the metabolism, defense
of the organism

123
Q

primary Protein structure

A

basic polypeptide chains

124
Q

secondary Protein structure

A

via hydrogen bonds
ex.: F, O, N (ions)
sheets or helix

125
Q

quaternary Protein structure

A

regrouping of the tertiary structures (sub units) = functional protein

126
Q

tertiary Protein structure

A

specializing of specific function folding again

127
Q

Once enzyme + substrate bond is made we …

A
  • once the bond is formed, we get
    assembly
    coupling
    modification
  • once the operation is done the enzyme releases the
    product & returns to rest ready to begin again
128
Q

nucleic acids (2)

A

DNA

RNA

129
Q

nucleic acids nucleotides are the basic unit

A

nucleotides are the basic unit

130
Q

nucleic acids consists of what 3 parts

A
  • nucleobase
  • pentose molecule (sugar) (ribose or deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
131
Q

there are 5 types of nucleobase

A

adenine (A)

guanine (G)

cytosine (C)

uracile (U) or thymine (T)

132
Q

DNA is found

A

inside the nucleus

133
Q

2 principal functions of DNA

A

replicate to have an ideal
copy of itself before cell
division

gives instructions for the
production of all the
proteins of the organism

134
Q

What type of sugar is found in DNA

A

deoxyribose (sugar)

135
Q

What type of sugar is found in RNA

A

ribose (sugar)

136
Q

principal functions of RNA

A 
« slave » molecule of DNA
execute the synthesis of
protein by following the
given instructions of the
DNA
137
Q

RNA is found

A

outside the nucleus

138
Q

DNA structure

A

double chain rolled in a

double helix

139
Q

RNA structure

A

simple straight chain or folded

140
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) function

A
  • provide energy for muscular contraction, protein
    synthesis & to maintain transmembrane ionic gradients

ADP + P = ATP
(mitochondria, need O2 & fuel or glycolysis (cytoplasm)

either aerobic & anaerobic

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions