Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

What is the “Standard for Project Management”?

Answer 1

Provides a basis for understanding project management and how it enables intended outcomes. Applies regardless of industry, location, size, or delivery approach (incl predictive, hybrid, or adaptive.

Question 2

What is an “outcome”?

Answer 2

An end result or consequence of a process or project.

Can include outputs and artifacts, but have a broader intent by focusing on the benefits and value that the project was meant to deliver.
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Question 3

What is a “portfolio”?

Answer 3

Projects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations are managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives.
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Question 4

What is a “product”?

Answer 4

An artifact that is produced, is quantifiable and can be either an end item in itself or a component item.
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Question 5

What is a “program”?

Answer 5

Related projects, subsidiary programs, or program activities that are managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually.
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Question 6

What is a “project”?

Answer 6

A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. The temporary nature of projects indicates a beginning and an end to the project work or a phase of the project work.
Projects can be stand-alone, or part of a program or portfolio.
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Question 7

What is “project management”?

Answer 7

The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.

Project management refers to guiding the project work to deliver the intended outcomes. Project teams can achieve the outcomes using predictive, hybrid, or adaptive approaches.
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Question 8

What is a “project manager”?

Answer 8

The person assigned to lead the project team that is responsible for achieving the objectives. Managers perform a variety of functions.
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Question 9

What is a “project team”?

Answer 9

A set of individuals performing the work of the project to achieve its objectives.
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Question 10

What is a “system for value delivery”?

Answer 10

A collection of strategic business activities aimed at building, sustaining, and or advancing an organization.
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Question 11

What is “value”?

Answer 11

The worth, importance, or usefulness of something. Different stakeholders, customers, and organizations can perceive this in different ways.
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Question 12

Who are possible stakeholders in a project?

Answer 12

Anyone, including project practitioners, consultants, educators, students, sponsors, vendors, and anyone who:
* Are responsible or accountable for outcomes.
* Work on projects full- or part-time.
* Work in the portfolio, program, or project management offices.
* Are involved in project sponsorship, product ownership, product management, executive leadership, or project governance.
* Are involved with portfolio or program management.
* Provide resources for project work.
* Focus on delivery for portfolios, programs, and projects.
* Teach or study project management.
* Or are involved in any aspect of the project value delivery chain.

Question 13

Ways of “creating value”?

Answer 13

• Creating a new product, service, or result that meets the needs of customers or end-users.
• Creating positive social or environmental contributions.
• Improving efficiency, productivity, effectiveness, or responsiveness.
• Enabling the changes needed to facilitate an organizational transition to its desired future state.
• Sustaining benefits enabled by previous programs, projects, or business operations.

Question 14

What are “governance systems”?

Answer 14

They provide a framework to guide processes, which can include elements of oversight, control, value assessment, integration among components, and decision-making capabilities.

These provide a system for evaluating changes, issues, and risks associated with the environment and any component in the value delivery system.
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Question 15

Who drives project delivery?

Answer 15

People

They do so by fulfilling the functions necessary for the project to run effectively and efficiently. They can be fulfilled by one person, by a group, or combined into defined roles.

Question 16

What are 2 project coordination types?

Answer 16

1) Decentralized coordination, which project team members self-organize and self-manage.
2) Centralized coordination, with the leadership and guidance of a designated project manager or similar role.

Question 17

What is the function of “oversight and coordination”?

Answer 17

This function helps the project team achieve project objectives, by orchestrating the “work of the project”. It usually includes leading, monitoring, and controlling activities. May also include evaluation and analysis.. Also involves monitoring and working to improve the safety, health, and overall well-being of project team members.

Includes consulting with executive and business leaders on ideas for advancing objectives, improving project performance, or meeting customer needs. And can assist in business analysis, tendering and contract negotiations, and business case development.

Question 18

What is the function of “present objectives and feedback”?

Answer 18

People in this function contribute perspectives, insights, and clear direction from customers and end-users. The customer and end-user are not always synonymous.

Question 19

Who is the “end-user”?

Answer 19

The individual or group who will experience the direct use of the project deliverable.

Question 20

Who is the “customer”?

Answer 20

The individual or group who has requested or is finding the project.

Question 21

What are the 8 “functions associated with projects”?

Answer 21

• Providing oversight and coordination.
• Present objectives and feedback.
• Facilitate and support.
• Perform work and contribute insights.
• Apply expertise.
• Provide business direction and insight.
• Provide resources and direction.
• Maintain governance.

Question 22

What is the function of “facilitate and support”, within functions associated with projects?

Answer 22

This involves encouraging project team member participation, collaboration, and a shared sense of responsibility for the work output.
Facilitation helps the project team create consensus around solutions, resolve conflicts, and make decisions. It is also required to coordinate meetings and contribute in an unbiased way to the advancement of project objectives.
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Question 23

What is the function of “perform work and contribute insights”, within functions associated with projects?

Answer 23

This function provides the knowledge, skills, and experience necessary to produce the products and realize the outcomes of the project. Work environments can be part- or full-time and can be performed in an office or virtual. Some parts of the work can be highly specialized and some team members can be generalists.
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Question 24

What is the function of “apply expertise”, within functions associated with projects?

Answer 24

People in this function provide the knowledge, vision, and expertise in a specific subject for a project. They offer advice and support throughout the organization; they can be internal or external.
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Question 25

What is the function of "provide business direction and insight", within functions associated with projects?

Answer 25

People in this function guide and clarify the direction of the project or product outcome. It involves prioritizing requirements and backlog items based on business value, dependencies, and technical or operational risk. They provide feedback to project teams and set the direction for the next increment or element developed or delivered. The product direction is also defined. The goal is to maximize the value of the project deliverable. In adaptive and hybrid environments, direction and insight can be provided using a specific cadence. In predictive environments, there can be designated checkpoints for the presentation of and feedback on the project process.

Question 26

What is the function of "provide resources and direction", within functions associated with projects?

Answer 26

People in this function promote the project and communicate the organization's vision, goals, and expectations to the project team and broader stakeholder community. They advocate for the project by helping secure the decisions, resources, and authority that allow project activities to progress. People in this function play a supporting role in keeping projects aligned to business objectives, removing obstacles, and addressing issues outside the bounds of the project teams' decision authority. People also provide an escalation path for problems, issues, or risks that project teams cannot resolve on their own.

Question 27

What is the function of "maintain governance", within functions associated with projects?

Answer 27

People who fill a governance function approve and support recommendations make by the project team and monitor project progress in achieving the desired outcomes.

Question 28

What are the 11 "internal environment factors" that can enhance, constrain, or have a neutral influence on project outcomes?

Answer 28

1) Process assets. 2) Governance documentation. 3) Data assets. 4) Knowledge assets. 5) Security and security. 6) Organizational culture, structure, and government. 7) Geographic distribution of facilities and resources. 8) Infrastructure. 9) Information technology software. 10) Resources availability. 11) Employee capability.

Question 29

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "process assets"?

Answer 29

These may include tools, methodologies, approaches, templates, frameworks, patterns, and PMO resources.

Question 30

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "governance documentation"?

Answer 30

This is documentation of policies and processes.

Question 31

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "data assets"?

Answer 31

These include databases, document libraries, metrics, data, and artifacts from previous projects.

Question 32

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "knowledge assets"?

Answer 32

These may include tacit knowledge among the project team members, subject matter experts, and other employees.

Question 33

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "security and safety"?

Answer 33

These include procedures and practices for facility access, data protection, levels of confidentiality, and proprietary secrets.

Question 34

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "organizational culture, structure, governance"?

Answer 34

These aspects include vision, mission, values, beliefs, cultural norms, leadership style, hierarchy and authority relationships, organizational style, ethics, and code of contact.

Question 35

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "geographic distribution of facilities and resources"?

Answer 35

These resources include work locations, virtual project teams, and shared systems.

Question 36

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "infrastructure"?

Answer 36

This consists of existing facilities, equipment, organizational and telecommunications channels, information technology hardware, availability, and capacity.

Question 37

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "information technology software"?

Answer 37

Include scheduling software, configuration management systems, web interfaces to online automated systems, collaboration tools, and work authorization systems

Question 38

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "resource availability"?

Answer 38

Includes contracting and purchasing constraints, approved providers and subcontractors, and collaboration agreements. Availability related to both people and materials includes contracting and purchasing constraints, approved providers and subcontractors, and timelines.

Question 39

What is meant by the "internal environmental factor" of "employee capability"?

Answer 39

Include general ad specialized expertise, skills, competencies, techniques, and knowledge.

Question 40

What are 8 "external environmental factors" which can enhance, constrain, or have a neutral influence on project outcomes?

Answer 40

1) Market conditions. 2) social and cultural influences and issues. 3) Regulatory environment. 4) Commercial databases. 5) Academic research. 6) Industry standards. 7) Financial considerations. 8) Physical environment.

Question 41

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "marketplace conditions"?

Answer 41

Include competitors, market share, brand recognition, technology trends, and trademarks.

Question 42

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "social and cultural influences and issues":?

Answer 42

Includes political climate, regional customs and traditions, public holidays and events, codes of conduct, ethics, and perceptions.

Question 43

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of the "regulatory environment"?

Answer 43

Includes national and regional laws and regulations related to security, data protection, business conduct, employment, licensing, and procurement.

Question 44

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "commercial databases"?

Answer 44

Includes standardized cost estimating data and industry risk study information.

Question 45

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "academic research"?

Answer 45

Includes industry studies, publications, and benchmarking results.

Question 46

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of 'industry standards"?

Answer 46

includes standards for products, production, environment, quality, and workmanship.

Question 47

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "financial considerations"?

Answer 47

Includes currency exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, taxes, and tariffs.

Question 48

What is meant by the "external environmental factor" of "physical environment"?

Answer 48

Includes working conditions and weather.

Question 49

What is a "product"?

Answer 49

It is an artifact that is produced, is quantifiable, and can be either an end result or a component of something.

Question 50

What is "product management"?

Answer 50

It is the integration of people, data, processes, and business systems to create, maintain, and develop a product or service throughout its life cycle.

Question 51

What is a "product life cycle"?

Answer 51

It is the series of phases that represent the evolution of a product, from introduction, growth, maturity, to decline or retirement.

Question 52

What are the four phases of the "product life cycle"?

Answer 52

1) Introduction 2) Growth 3) Maturity 4) Decline / Retirement

Question 53

What are the 3 forms that product management can exist in?

Answer 53

1) As program management itself within a product life cycle. This incorporates projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities. 2) As project management within a product life cycle. This oversees the development and maturing of product capabilities as an ongoing business activity. 3) As product management within a program. This applies the full product life cycle within the boundaries of a given program.

Question 54

What 3 factors are considered in the long-range performance of a project?

Answer 54

Outcomes, choices and decisions.

Question 55

What is the point of governence systems?

Answer 55

Provides a framework withfunctions and processes that guide activities.

Question 56

What are 5 components that governance frameworks can consist of?

Answer 56

Oversight, control, value assessment, integration among components, and decision making capanilities.

Question 57

What drives project delivery?

Answer 57

People

Question 58

What does the collective effort of a project team bring?

Answer 58

Outcomes, benefits, and value.

Question 59

How do people in oversight and coordination help the project objectives?

Answer 59

By orchestrating the work of the project. Often this involves planning, monitoring, and controlling activities, evaluation, and analysis, and working to improve the health, safety, and overall well-being of team members.

Question 60

What does project coordination consist of?

Answer 60

Consulting with executive and business unit leaders on ideas for advancing objectives, improving project performance, or meeting customer needs. It also assists with business analysis, tendering and contract negotiations and business case development.

Question 61

What does oversight consist of?

Answer 61

Follow-Up Activities related to benefits realization and sustainment after the project deliverables are finalized but before the formal closure of the project. This function can support portfolios and programs within which the project is initiated.

Question 62

What does presenting objective and feedback consist of?

Answer 62

People in this function contribute perspectives, insights, and clean direction from customers and end users.

Question 63

When the definitions of consumer and end-user are NOT synonymous, what does that mean?

Answer 63

The consumer is defined as the individual or group who has requested or is funding the project. The end user is the individual or group who will experience the use of the project deliverable.

Question 64

How are customer and end-user input and feedback needs determined?

Answer 64

They are determined by the nature of the project and the nature of the project and the guidance or direction required.

Question 65

What does the function of facilitation and support consist of?

Answer 65

These are directly related to providing oversight and coordination, depending on the nature of the project.

Question 66

How does facilitation help a team?

Answer 66

It helps create a consensus around solutions, resolve conflicts, and make decisions. It is also required to coordinate meetings and contribute in an unbiased way toward the advancement of project objectives. It also provides support to people as they embrace change.

Question 67

What does the people component of "performing work and contributing insights" consist of?

Answer 67

This group of people provides the knowledge, skill, and experience necessary to produce the products and realize the outcomes of the project. Work can be full-time or part-time for a limited time or throughout the project, with other people or virtual, depending on environmental factors.

Question 68

Why is gaining insights helpful with project team members?

Answer 68

This can help provide a mix of internal perspectives, establish alliances with key business units, and encourage project team members to act as change agents within their functional areas.

Question 69

What does the function of "applying expertise" consist of?

Answer 69

People in this function provide knowledge, vision, and expertise in a specific subject for a project. They offer advice and support and contribute to the team's learning process. They can be external or internal, and they can be required for the whole project or a specific time frame.

Question 70

What does the function, "provide business direction and insight" consist of?

Answer 70

People in this function guide and clarify the direction of the project and product outcome. This function involves prioritizing the requirements or backlog items based on business value, dependencies, and technical or operational risk. People in this function provide feedback to the team and set the direction for the next increment or element to be developed or delivered. This function involves interacting with other stakeholders, customers, and their project teams defining the project direction. The goal is to maximize the value of the project deliverables.

Question 71

What does the function, of "provide resources and direction" consist of?

Answer 71

People in this function promote the project and communicate the organization's vision, goals, and expectations to the project team and broader stakeholder community. They also help secure the decisions, resources, and authority that allow project activities to progress. They serve as liaisons between stakeholders to keep projects aligned with business objectives, remove obstacles, and address issues outside the bounds of a project team's decision authority.

Question 72

What does the function, of "maintaining governance" consist of?

Answer 72

People in governance approve and support recommendations made by the project team and monitor project progress in achieving the desired outcomes. They also maintain linkages between teams and objectives.

Question 73

What are "process assets"?

Answer 73

These may include tools, methodologies, approaches, templates, frameworks, patterns, or PMO resources.

Question 74

What is "governance documentation"?

Answer 74

This is documentation that includes policies and processes.

Question 75

What are "data assets"?

Answer 75

These include databased, document libraries, metrics, data, and artifacts from previous projects.

Question 76

What are "knowledge assets"?

Answer 76

These may include tacit knowledge among project team members, subject matter experts, and other employees.

Question 77

What are "security and safety measures"?

Answer 77

These may include procedures and practices for facility access, data protection, levels of confidentiality, and proprietary secrets.

Question 78

What is "organizational culture, structure, and governance"?

Answer 78

These aspects of an organization include the vision, mission, values, beliefs, cultural norms, leadership style, hierarchy and authority relationships, organizational style, ethics, and code of contact.

Question 79

What is the "geographic distribution of facilities and resources"?

Answer 79

This is the group of resources, virtual project teams, and shared systems.

Question 80

What is "infrastructure"?

Answer 80

This includes existing facilities, equipment, organizational and telecommunications channels, information technology hardware, availability, and capacity.

Question 81

What is "information technology software"?

Answer 81

This includes scheduling software, configuration managemnet systems, web interfaces to online automated systems, collaboration tools, and work authorization systems.

Question 82

What is "resource availability"?

Answer 82

This includes contacting and purchasing constraints, approved providers and subcontractors, and collaboration agreements.

Question 83

What is "employee capability"?

Answer 83

Includes general and specialized expertise, skills, competencies, techniques, and knowledge.

Question 84

What is an "external environment"?

Answer 84

These are factors external to the organization that can enhance, constrain, or have a neutral influence on project outcomes.

Question 85

What are "market conditions"?

Answer 85

These are external factors including competitors, market share, brand recognition, technology trends, and trademarks.

Question 86

What are "social and cultural influences and issues"?

Answer 86

These external factors include political climate, regional customs and traditions, public holidays and events, codes of conduct, ethics, and perceptions.

Question 87

What is a "regulatory environment"?

Answer 87

The regulatory environment may include national and regional laws and regulations related to security, data protection, business conduct, employment, licensing, and procurement.

Question 88

What are "commercial databases"?

Answer 88

These are external factors including standardized cost estimating data and industry risk study information.

Question 89

What is "academic research"?

Answer 89

These are external factors including industry studies, publications, environment, quality, and workmanship.

Question 90

What are "industry standards"?

Answer 90

These are external factors including standards related to products, production, environment, quality, and workmanship.

Question 91

What are "financial considerations"?

Answer 91

These are external factors considering currency exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, taxes, and tariffs.

Question 92

What is the "physical environment"?

Answer 92

These are external factors where the physical environment pertains to working conditions and weather.

Question 93

What is a "product"?

Answer 93

These are tangible goods that are produced, are quantifiable, and can be either an end item itself or a component item.

Question 94

What is "product management"?

Answer 94

This involves the integration of people, data, processes, and business systems to create, maintain, and develop a product or service throughout its life cycle.

Question 95

What is a "product life cycle"?

Answer 95

This is a series of phases that represent the evolution of a product, from introduction through growth, maturity, and retirement.

Question 96

When in the lifecycle can programs or projects be introduced?

Answer 96

At any time. A new program or project may add or improve specific components, attributes, or capabilities to create additional value for customers and the sponsoring organization.

Question 97

What is "program management within a life cycle"?

Answer 97

This incorporates running projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities.

Question 98

What is "project management within a product life cycle"?

Answer 98

This oversees the development and maturing of product capabilities as an ongoing business activity. Portfolio governance charters individual projects as needed to perform enhancements and improvements or to produce other unique outcomes.

Question 99

What is "product management within a program"?

Answer 99

This approach applies the full product life cycle within the purview and boundaries of a given program. A series of subsidiary programs or projects will be chartered to achieve specific benefits for a product.