Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 1

The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

Deviation from the normal structure of any part, organ, system, or from a state of wellness

Question 3

Primary prevention

Answer 3

Protection from developing a disease or experience in an injury (wearing a helmet when riding a bike)

Question 4

Secondary Prevention

Answer 4

Interventions that occur after illness occurs. The goal is to stop the progression of the disease (ex: telling ppl to take aspirin to prevent second heart attack or providing modified work for injured workers)

Question 5

Tertiary prevention

Answer 5

Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long term problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc

Question 6

What does evidence based research not take into account?

Answer 6

Cost, availability, or social and cultural factors

Question 7

Iatrogenic

Answer 7

A treatment that may cause a disease (UTI following catheterization or bone marrow damage following prescribed drug)

Question 8

Pathogenesis

Answer 8

Development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the changes related to the specific disease process

Question 9

Subclinical state

Answer 9

Pathological changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient (ex: kidney damage may progress to renal failure before symptoms are shown)

Question 10

Latent/silent/incubation stage

Answer 10

Time between exposure to the microorganism and onset of symptoms. Can last a few days or weeks

Question 11

Prodromal period

Answer 11

The time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are non specific (ex: fatigue, headache). Lab tests are negative during prodromal period

Question 12

Signs

Answer 12

Objective indicators

Question 13

Symptoms

Answer 13

Subjective feelings

Question 14

Syndrome

Answer 14

Collection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ

Question 15

Precipitating factor

Answer 15

Condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure

Question 16

Tissues are frequently modified as a response to ?

Answer 16

Hormonal stimulation or environmental stimuli such as irritation

Question 17

Hyperplasia

Answer 17

Increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Can be compensatory to meet increased demands or pathologic when there is a hormone imbalance. Increased chance of cancer when there is hyperplasia

Question 18

Metaplasia

Answer 18

Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type (can result from a vitamin A deficiency)

Question 19

Dysplasia

Answer 19

Cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present and rate of mitosis is increased (looking for this in pap smears)

Question 20

Anaplasia

Answer 20

Cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Characteristic of cancer and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor

Question 21

Neoplasia

Answer 21

New growth (tumor)

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

Programmed cell death which is a normal occurrence in the body but it may increase when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, or cells are injured/aged

Question 23

Ischemia

Answer 23

Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ

Question 24

What are some ways of injuring cells in the body? (Apoptosis)

Answer 24

Ischemia, physical agents (hot/cold), mechanical damage (pressure or tearing of tissue), chemical toxins, microorganism, abnormal metabolites accumulating in cells, nutritional deficits, imbalance of fluids or electrolytes

Question 25

Exogenous

Answer 25

Chemicals from the environment

Question 26

Endogenous

Answer 26

Chemicals from inside the body

Question 27

What happens after cell death?

Answer 27

Nucleus of the cell disintegrates, the cells undergo lysis and release lysosomal enzymes into the tissue which causes inflammation. If a large number of cells have died, inflammation can be extensive causing the destruction of additional cells. The enzymes released from the dead cells can diffuse into blood

Question 28

Lysis

Answer 28

Dissolution that occurs following cell death

Question 29

Necrosis

Answer 29

Group of cells die

Question 30

What are the different kinds of necrosis?

Answer 30

Liquefaction, coagulative, fat, caseous, infarction

Question 31

Liquefaction necrosis

Answer 31

Dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes. Ex: when brain tissue dies or certain bacterial infections in which a cavity may develop into an affected area

Question 32

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 32

Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured (similar to the coagulation that occurs when cooking eggs) and the cells retain some form for a time after death. Ex: MI

Question 33

Fat necrosis

Answer 33

Occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes (can cause inflammation)

Question 34

Caseous necrosis

Answer 34

Thick, yellow, “cheesy” substance forms. Ex: TB

Question 35

Infarction

Answer 35

Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

Question 36

Gangrene

Answer 36

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria