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PSCY- 1110 > Chapter 1 -2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 -2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology

A

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. psychology uses scientific methods to observe, describe, and predict behavior

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2
Q

What is Behavior

A

Behavior is everything that a person does that can be directly observed.

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3
Q

What is Mental
processes

A

Mental
processes are the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences
privately but that cannot be observed directly

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4
Q

What are the four attitudes At the core of the scientific approach

A

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

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5
Q

What is Critical thinking

A

Critical thinking is the
process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence.

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6
Q

What are empirical methods

A

The empirical method is
gaining knowledge through observation, collecting evidence, and logical reasoning

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7
Q

Who created the academic discipline of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt,

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt studies what type of Psychology

A

Structuralism

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9
Q

What is Structuralism

A

Structuralism is looking inside the mind, the What of the mind

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10
Q

What is Introspection

A

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.

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11
Q

William James’ approach to mental processes was

A

Functionalism

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12
Q

What are Functionalists

A

Functionalists focus on how
humans interact with the outside world, the what of the mind

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13
Q

What is Charles Darwin’s principle of natural selection

A

an evolutionary process in
which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and, importantly,
produce offspring

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14
Q

What Contemporary approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought

A

Psychodynamic Approach

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15
Q

What is Neuroscience

A

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure, function, development,
genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system. It emphasizes that the brain and nervous
system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion

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16
Q

What Contemporary approach to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavior

A

The behavioral approach

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17
Q

Who was the first behaviorists

A

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner

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18
Q

What are the seven Contemporary approaches to Psychology?

A

biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, Humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, sociocultural

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19
Q

What Contemporary approach to psychology focuses on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

A

Biological Approach

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20
Q

Which of the following are significant ingredients in producing behavior, according to the biopsychosocial approach?

A

biological factors

psychological factors

social factors

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21
Q

What is a theory?

A

a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

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22
Q

The first step in conducting a scientific inquiry is

A

observing some phenomena in the world.

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23
Q

What is a variable?

A

anything that can change

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24
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a testable prediction that is derived logically from a theory

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25
The _____ perspective on human behavior asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing behavior.
biopsychosocial
26
During the third step of the scientific method, when researchers test the hypothesis, they
conduct empirical research
27
What is descriptive research
research that involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable
28
What is correlational research
research that is interested in discovering relationships between variables, to determine how variables change together Example SAT scores are related to GPA.
29
What is an experimental research
to determine whether a causal relationship exists between two variables
30
Developing a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory is part of the _____ step in the scientific method
Second
31
What is operational definitions
is an objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed.
32
Which of the following are types of psychological research?
descriptive correlational experimental
33
correlational coefficient
The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n)
34
Which of the following are descriptive research methods?
surveys interviews observation case studies
35
What is a longitudinal design?
systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time
36
An experiment involves What?
manipulating one variable and observing the effect on another variable
37
What Contemporary approach to psychology emphasizes a persons positive qualities
The Humanistic approach
38
What Contemporary approach to psychology emphasizes the mental process involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember think and solve problems
The Cognitive approach
39
What Contemporary approach to psychology emphasizes evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproductions, and natural selection
The Evolutionary Approach
40
What Contemporary approach to psychology examines the influences of social and cultural environments
The Sociocultural Approach
41
What is the Nervous System
the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry
42
What are Characteristics of the Nervous System
Complexity. * Integration. * Adaptability, or plasticity—the brain’s special capacity for change. * Electrochemical transmission
43
What do Afferent nerves, or sensory nerves do?
carry information from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
44
What do Efferent nerves, or motor nerves do?
carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.
45
What are Neural networks?
networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output
46
What is the Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord.
47
Peripheral nervous system
The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
48
The peripheral nervous system is divided into how many parts?
Two
49
What is the Somatic nervous system?
The sensory nerves that convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system
50
What is the Autonomic nervous system?
Takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs and monitors body processes.
51
The autonomic nervous system is divided into how many parts?
Two
52
What is the Sympathetic nervous system?
arouses the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress
53
What is the Parasympathetic nervous system?
calms the body
54
Witch neurons carry information to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Afferent
55
Which identifies the body's electrochemical communication circuitry?
nervous system
56
What neurons carry information to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Afferent
57
What nervous system contains sensory nerves whose function is to carry information from the skin and muscles to the CNS regarding pain and temperature.
somatic
58
When a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the axon that has released it to await the next neural impulse, the process is referred to as
Reuptake
59
The all-or-nothing principle maintains that once the electrical impulse reaches a _____, the impulse will fire.
threshold
60
What neurotransmitter is involved with the action of muscles, learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
61
Which statements are true regarding GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
Low levels are linked to anxiety. It is important in the brain because it keeps many neurons from firing. It is believed to be the neurotransmitter in as many as one-third of the brain's synapses.
62
The complex interaction of neurons working together to integrate and organize incoming and outgoing information is referred to as a neural
Network
63
Positron-emission tomography (PET scan) identifies levels of activity throughout the brain by measuring levels of:
Glucose.
64
Which of the following structures are located in the hindbrain?
cerebellum pons medulla
65
What is a hindbrain and midbrain structure that connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic survival functions
Brain Stem
66
A network of structures under the cerebral cortex, behaviors it controls memory and emotion
limbic system
67
a structure that sits on top of the brain stem, in the central core of the brain, The thalamus acts as a relay station for information. responsible for sorting information and relaying it to appropriate areas in the forebrain for further integration and interpretation?
thalamus
68
a cluster of neurons that sits below the cerebral cortex and atop the thalamus
basal ganglia
69
a small structure just below the thalamus, connects the endocrine system and the nervous system?
hypothalamus
70
the outer layer of the brain, The cerebral cortex is part of the forebrain.
cerebral cortex
71
What is is part of the limbic system and has a special role in the storage of memories.
hippocampus
72
Which of the following structures are part of the forebrain?
limbic system cerebral cortex thalamus
73
Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking and planning
cerebral cortex
74
What percentage of the human brain's cortex is attributed to the neocortex?
80%
75
Which brain area is most associated with intense emotions such as fear and rage, and is an almond-shaped structure near the base of the brain.
amygdala
76
What is the neocortex
is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex, which is the highly developed, convoluted outer surface of the brain. It is a part of the forebrain and is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions, sensory perception, and motor control in mammals.
77
The four lobes of the brain are the?
occipital parietal frontal temporal
78
The brain is divided into left and right
hemispheres
79
What is Broca's
An area is a region in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved in the control of speech. People with damage in this part of the brain have problems saying words correctly
80
What is the function of Wernicke's area in the brain?
Wernicke's area, also known as the posterior superior temporal gyrus, is a region in the left hemisphere of the brain that is associated with language comprehension and the understanding of spoken and written language.
81
Which part of the brain is responsible for communication between the two hemispheres? is a large bundle of axons connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
82
What is the endocrine system
system that is a set of glands that regulates the activities of certain organs by releasing chemical products into the bloodstream.
83
integration is
is referred to as the of function in the brain.
84
Collateral sprouting, substitution of function, and neurogenesis are examples of brain
plasticity
85
What is an experimental procedure involving the implantation of healthy tissue into damaged regions of the brain
Graft
86
The nucleus of each human cell contains 46 what?
chromosomes
87
What is selective breeding?
a technique in which two specific organisms are chosen for reproduction to see what traits their offspring display.
88
What is polygenic inheritance?
Complex human characteristics, such as personality, determined by multiple genes. principle of genetics
89
Reflexes, which are automatic and involuntary, use the what to transmit information back through interneurons to control muscle fibers.
Spinal Cord

PSCY- 1110 (2 decks)

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