Chapter 1-2 Flashcards
Adopted a new convention to protect the rights of people with disabilities around the world (recognized the rights of persons with disabilities)
- Ensure full enjoyment by children of all human rights and freedoms on an equal basis with other children
- Best interests of child’s primary consideration
- Right to express views freely on an equal basis with other children and be provided with disability and age-appropriate assistance for that right
2007 United Nations Treaty
The failure to masters or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones
Adaptational Failure
→ strongly discredited, very bad (still exists in current diagnostic procedures)
- Assumption that children are miniature adults
- People believe that childhood disorders are downward extensions of adult disorders
- Disorders manifest the same in children as in adults
Adultomorphism
behavioral therapy for developmental disorders focused on social skill development, reducing challenging behaviors
- ABA examines the relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences, a functional approach to behavior.
- No implicit assumptions are made about underlying needs or motives that contribute to child psychopathology
- ABA describes and tests functional relationships between stimuli, responses, and consequences.
- ABA is based on four primary operant learning principles, which explain how behaviors are acquired or changed as a result of particular consequences.
Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
- Infant readily separated from the caregiver and likes to explore. When wary of a stranger or distressed by separation, the infant seeks contact and proximity with caregiver; the infant then returns to exploration and play after contact
- Tend to seek out and make effective use of supportive relationships
- Although individuals with secure attachments may suffer psychological distress, their relationship strategy serves a protective function against concerning outcomes
Secure Attachment Style
- Infant engages in exploration, but with little effective interaction with the caregiver. Infant shows little wariness of strangers, and generally is upset only if left alone. As stress increases, avoidance increases
- Tend to mask emotional expression. They often believe they are vulnerable to hurt, and others are not to be trusted
- Conduct disorders; aggressive behavior; depressive symptoms (usually as a result of failure of self-reliant image)
Insecure Anxious, Avoidant Attachment Style
- Infant shows disinterest in or resistance to exploration and play, and is wary of novel situations or strangers. Infant has difficulty settling when reunited with caregiver, and may mix active contact-seeking with crying and fussiness
- Difficulties managing anxiety. They tend to exaggerate emotions and maintain negative beliefs about the self
- Phobias; anxiety; psychosomatic symptoms; depression
Insecure Anxious, Resistant Attachment Style
- Infant lacks a coherent strategy of attachment. Appears disorganized when faced with a novel situation and has no consistent pattern of regulating emotions
- Inability to form close attachments to others; may show indiscriminate friendliness (little selective attachment)
- No consensus, but generally a wide range of personality disorders
Disorganized, Disoriented Attachment Style (not an organized strategy)
a branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior, taking into account environmental and genetic influences
Behavioral Genetics
laboratory-based techniques rooted in operant and classical conditioning to modify undesirable behaviors and cultivate adaptive skills
Behavioral Treatment
John Watson (1878-1958), “Father of Behaviorism”
Intended to explain Freud’s concepts in more scientific terms, based on the new learning theory of classical conditioning
Theory of emotions → extrapolated from typical to atypical behavior
Little Albert, fear of white rats and other white furry objects
Behaviorism
The successful treatment of infectious diseases in the late 1800s strengthened the belief that mental illness, like other illnesses, had biological causes.
Early attempts at biological explanations for child psychopathology were biased and often blamed the individual.
The “medical model” views psychopathology as a form of disease, and early intervention was limited to those with severe disorders and focused on prevention by punishment.
Biological/Medical Treatment
abnormalities in brain structure and function can be a biological risk factor for psychopathology. Also, early biological attributions for child psychopathology were biased in favor of the cause being the person’s fault. The immaturity of children’s developing brains was once thought to make them incapable of true adult-like insanity.
Brain Structure and Function
a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus begins to evoke the response on its own.
- the Little Albert experiment by John Watson
- Behavior therapy uses classical conditioning techniques to modify undesirable behaviors and shape adaptive abilities.
Classical Conditioning
presence of 2 or more co-occuring conditions
(multiple diagnoses in the same child)
- the nature of symptom combinations can affect clinical presentation and prognosis.
Comorbidity
the ability to successfully adapt to the environment.
Competence
the idea that development involves continuous change and that earlier patterns of adaptation can provide a foundation for future development. It is one of the three prominent assumptions of developmental psychopathology
Continuity
influence the meaning of children’s social behavior and how they express mental health concerns. The sources note that cultural norms can affect how adults define and tolerate deviant behavior in children, citing the example of how Chinese parents may be more tolerant of shy behavior in toddlers than parents in Western cultures
Cultural Beliefs and Values
defined as a pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms associated with distress, disability, and increased risk of further suffering or harm. This definition is considered within the context of cultural background.
- It is important to note that these terms describe patterns of behavior and not people
Defining Psychological Disorder
These are average behavioral tendencies within specific age periods, which can be used to assess whether a child’s behavior is within the expected range for their age. Deviations from developmental norms are often used to identify potential issues. There can be developmental delays or regressions
Developmental Norms
These refer to the sequence and timing of particular behaviors and the relationships between them over time. They are used to visualize development as an active, dynamic process. The pathways leading to a particular disorder are numerous and interactive.
Developmental Pathways
This is an approach to studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks. It views typical and atypical behavior in relation to the developmental stage of the individual.
- This perspective looks beyond the child’s current symptoms and considers how interacting events over time contribute to the expression of a particular disorder.
Developmental Psychopathology
These are broad domains of competence that describe how children typically grow in a given society, such as conduct and academic achievement. These tasks are predictive, and the quality of adaptation at any stage provides a foundation for future development. Adaptive “failures” have cumulative, snowballing effects.
Developmental Tasks
is the idea that child development involves both continuities and discontinuities. While earlier experiences can shape future development, there can also be significant shifts or changes in behavior and functioning.
Discontinuity
