Chapter 1, 2, 3,4 Flashcards
(301 cards)
1
Q
Definition of physiology
A
Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its components parts, including all its chemical and physical processes
2
Q
What does the term physiology literally mean
A
“knowledge of nature”
3
Q
List the levels of organization
A
Atoms –> Molecules –> Cells –> Tissues—> Organs –> Organ Systems–> Organisms–> Population of one species–> Ecosystem of different species–> biosphere
4
Q
Define emergent properties
A
properties that “emerge” but can’t be predicted based on the parts
5
Q
What is negative feedback?
A
- The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop.
- Too much A, too much B, too much C, too much D, too much D tells A to stop
6
Q
What is positive feedback?
A
- The response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set point.
- There is lots of something and the body wants more
7
Q
What is teleological?
A
why
8
Q
What is mechanistic?
A
how
9
Q
What does the circulatory system include?
A
Heart, blood vessels, blood
10
Q
Function of the circulatory system?
A
Transport of materials between all cells of the body
11
Q
What does the digestive system include?
A
Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
12
Q
Function of the digestive system?
A
Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes
13
Q
What does the endocrine system include?
A
Thyroid gland, adrenal gland
14
Q
Function of the endocrine system
A
Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
15
Q
What does the immune system include?
A
Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
16
Q
Function of the immune system
A
Defence against foreign invaders
17
Q
What does the integumentary include?
A
Skin
18
Q
Function of the integumentary system
A
Protection from external environment
19
Q
What does the musculoskeletal system include?
A
Skeletal muscles, bones
20
Q
Function of the musculoskeletal system
A
Support and movement
21
Q
What does the nervous system include?
A
Brain, spinal cord
22
Q
Function of the nervous system
A
Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
23
Q
What does the reproductive system include?
A
Ovaries, and uterus, testes
24
Q
Function of the reproductive system
A
Perpetuation of the species
25
What does the respiratory system include?
Lungs, airways
26
Function of the respiratory system?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
27
What does the urinary system include?
Kidneys, bladder
28
Function of the urinary system
maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
29
Define molecular interactions
A molecule's function depends on it's structure and shape
30
Define compartmentation
Division of space into compartments. Allows a cell, tissue or organ to specialize and isolate functions
31
Themes in physiology
- Structure and function are closely related
- Living organisms need energy
- Information flow coordinates body functions
- Homeostasis maintains internal stability
32
What is homeostasis?
- Normal range for body --> stability in a range
- Not the same as equilibrium
33
What agents can cause a disruption to homeostasis?
Internal or external agents
34
What do these agents do to the body?
change the bodies internal temperature that the body attempts to compensate
35
What does the failure of homeostasis result in?
May result in a disease or pathology
36
What is extracellular fluid?
A buffer between cells and the outside world
37
What does the cell membrane do?
Separates the cell from extracellular fluid
38
Define extracellular fluid
The watery environment that surrounds cells
39
Define intracellular fluid
Fluid within cells
40
Does intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid have a different composition?
yes
41
Define law of mass balance
If the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss
- mass balance = existing body load + intake or metabolic production - excretion or metabolic removal
- Excrete what we don't need. Take in what we need
42
Define load
Amount of a substance in the body
43
Define excretion
Clears substances from the body (urine, faces, lungs, skin)
44
Define mass flow
Rate of transport through the body
45
Define clearance
The rate of which a substance disappears from the blood
- Not everything can disappear at once
46
Define regulated variables
Variables that are kept within a normal range by control mechanisms
47
How does the body stay in homeostasis
Input signal (Detect problem)--> Intergrating center (control centre) --> Output signal (correct problem) --> Response
48
Define local control
Restricted to a local tissue or cell
49
Define reflex control
uses long - distance signalling
50
Reflex Steps
- Stimulus
- Sensor
- Input signal
- Integrating center
- Output signal
- Target
- Response
51
Is a negative feedback loop homeostatic?
Yes - the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop
52
Is a positive feedback loop homeostatic?
No - The response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set point
53
Define variability
there is wide genetic and environmental variability between humans. In a crossover study each individual gets the experimental treatment and then "crosses over" to also be in the control group
54
Define cross-over study
In a cross-study, each individual acts as their own control, enabling researchers to see the effects of the drug in each participant, rather than between two groups, which helps deal with variability between participants
55
Define placebo effect
if you give someone a pill and tell them it will alleviate some problem, that beneficial effect may be observed, even the pill contains sugar or an inert substance
56
Define nocebo effect
If you give someone a pill and tell them it may have an adverse side effect, that side effect may be observed, even the pill contains sugar or an inert substance
57
How do you control the placebo or nocebo effect?
Conduct a blind study
- double blind studies are even better
58
What is an organic molecule?
A molecule that contain carbon
59
What are biomolecules?
Organic molecules in living organisms
60
What do biomolecules do?
- provide structure (they do everything)
- Store energy
- Regulate metabolism
61
What is a carbohydrate?
Sugars
62
What is a lipid?
Fats and oil
63
What is a protein?
Polymers of amino acids
64
What are nucleotides?
DNA, RNA, and ATP
65
Function of carbohydrates?
Energy and building blocks
66
Function of lipids?
Energy and building blocks
67
Function of proteins?
Energy and building blocks
68
Function of nucleotides?
Structure for genetic material, store energy, and regulate metabolism
69
Composition of carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
70
Composition of lipids
Carbon, hydrogen
71
Composition of protein
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulphur
72
Composition of nucleotides
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
73
True or false: Biomolecules are always purely one kind of molecule
false
74
What are conjugated proteins?
Proteins combined with another biomolecule
75
Example of conjugated proteins?
Lipoproteins
76
What are glycosylated molecules?
Molecules attached to carbohydrates
77
Examples of glycosylated molecules?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
78
What are polymers?
biomolecules made of repeating units
79
Example of polymers?
Glucose polymers glycogen and starch
80
What kind of bonds share electrons
Covalent
81
What do protons determine?
The atomic number
82
What do neutrons determine?
The isotope
83
How do you determine atomic mass?
Protons + neutrons
84
What makes up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
85
Define Ions
If an atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires an electrical charge and becomes an ion. ions are the basis for electrical signalling in the body
86
Define ionic bonds
ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions
87
Define high-energy electrons
Electrons in certain atoms can capture energy from their environment and transfer it to other atoms
88
Define cations
- lost electrons
- Positively charged
89
Define ions
- Gained electrons
- Negatively charged
90
How are molecules formed?
When two or more atoms form covalent bonds
91
Define non polar molecules
Non polar molecules have an even distribution of electrons.
- Non polar molecules tend to be mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen
92
Define polar molecules
Polar molecules have regions of partial charge
- No symmetrical
93
Example of ionic bonds
Salt - Nacl
94
What determines whether a molecule will dissolve in water?
The charged, uncharged, or partially charged nature
95
What determines the molecules shape and function?
Covalent and non covalent bonds
96
What is a saccharide?
Sugar - carbohydrates
97
Examples of monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
98
Examples of disaccharides
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
99
Examples of oligosaccharides
- maltodextrin
100
Examples of polysaccharides
- Amylopectin (starch)
- Amylose (starch)
101
What makes up a sucrose?
Glucose + Fructose
102
What makes up a maltose?
Glucose + Glucose
103
What makes up a lactose?
Glucose + Galactose
104
Carbohydrates that are used up fast
- Glucose
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Maltodextrin
- Amylopectin
105
Carbohydrates that are broken down slowly
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Amylose
106
What type of sugars are monosaccharides?
Simple
107
What do you need for nucleotides?
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
108
What do you need for glycolysis
Glucose
109
What is a disaccharide?
Glucose + another monosaccharide
110
What is a polysaccharide?
Polysaccharides are glucose polymers. All living cells store glucose for energy in the form of a polysaccharide
111
What type of carbohydrates are better for exercise performance?
Disaccharides
112
What is a glyceride?
A lipid
113
What is the backbone in the formation of a lipid?
Glycerol
114
What form are more than 90% of lipids in?
Triglyceride
115
How many fatty acids are in a monoglyceride?
one
116
How many fatty acids are in a diglyceride?
Two
117
How many fatty acids are in a triglyceride?
Three
118
What is a saturated fatty acid?
No double binds between carbons
119
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
One double bond between carbons
120
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Two or more double bonds between carbon
121
What is an eicosanoids?
- 20 - carbon fatty acids with a complete or partial carbon ring and two long carbon chains "tails"
- Acts as regulators of physiological functions: inflammation, immune response, child birth, pain perception, blood flow, cell growth...
122
What are steroids?
- Steroids are lipid related molecules whose structure includes four linked carbon rings.
123
What is the primary source of steroids in the human body?
Cholesterol
124
What do steroids do?
- Cell membranes, signalling molecules for reproduction, metabolism, immune function, cardiovascular control, muscle and bone synthesis
125
What are phospholipids?
- 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
- Important components of animal cell membranes
- makes a fat polar
126
What is solubility?
- Ability of solute to dissolve in a solvent
127
Define hydrophilic
Soluble in water
128
Examples of hydrophilic
- ions
- polar molecules
- ionic molecules
129
Define hydrophobic
Not soluble in water
130
Examples of hydrophobic
Non-polar molecules (i.e. lipids "oil on water")
131
What is a hydrophilic interaction?
Fats round up into a ball
132
Example of a hydrophilic interaction?
Bacon grease and water
133
Define hydrophilic interactions
Occurs between water and ions or other polar molecules. Ions and polar molecules dissolve in water and create biological solutions.
134
What is a nucleotide composed of?
1) One or more phosphate groups
2) 5 - carbon sugar
3) Nitrogenous base
135
What role does a nucleotide have?
Energy and information transfer
136
What is the common energy used in our bodies?
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
137
Define phosphorylation
Addition of a phosphate group
138
Define dephosphorylation
Removal of a phosphate group
139
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers that store and transmit genetic information
140
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
141
What is a protein composed of?
- Amino group
- Functional group
- Carboxylic acid
142
What does a functional group do?
Gives amino acid its identity
143
How many amino acids make a protein?
more than 100
144
How many amino acids to make an oligopeptide?
2 - 9
145
How many amino acids to make a polypeptide?
10 -100
146
What is a secondary structure?
Is created primarily by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains or loops
147
What determines secondary structure?
Covalent bonds between amino acids
148
What is a tertiary structure?
Proteins three dimensional shape
149
What are tertiary structures composed of?
A mix of secondary structures
150
What is a quaternary structure?
Multiple subunits combine with non covalent bonds.
151
Example of quaternary structure
hemoglobin
152
What is the importance of the shape of a protein molecule?
- Its closely related to it's function
- Molecular bonds determine the molecular shape
153
Define enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
154
Define membrane transporters
In cell membranes help move substances back and forth between the ICF and ECF.
155
Define signal molecules
Acts as hormones and other signal molecules
156
Example of a signal molecule
insulin
157
Define receptors
Proteins that bind signal molecules and initiate cellular responses
158
Define binding proteins
Bind and transport molecules throughout the body
159
Define regulatory proteins
Turn cell processes on and off
160
Define binding sites
The location on a protein where a substrate can adhere. Proteins are selective about the molecules they bind
161
Define specificity
Is the ability of a protein to bind to a certain ligand or a group of closely - related ligands
162
True or False: The ligand and the protein binding site must be a perfect fit
False - Must just be compatible
163
Define affinity
Strength of bond and desire to attach
164
Define competition
Might have 2 things to attach to one site
165
Define saturation
is full
166
Define law of mass action
Says that when protein binding is at equilibrium, the ratio of the bound and unbound components remains constant
167
Things that can change binding sites:
- Cofactors
- Allosteric activators
168
Define cofactors
Share the binding site
169
Define allosteric activators
Modulate from afar: Might attach to other side of protein and change bonding site.
170
Define chemical modulators
Bind reversibly or irreversibly to proteins and alter their binding affinity
171
Another name for antagonists
Inhibitors
172
Define antagonists
Chemical modulators that bind to a protein and decrease its activity
173
Define competitive inhibitors
A competitive inhibitor blocks ligand binding at the binding site
174
Define Irreversible inhibitors
Bound and cannot be replaced
175
Define allosteric inhibitors
Is a modulator that binds to proteins away from binding site and inactivates the binding site.
176
Define Physical factors
Physical conditions have dramatic effects on protein structure and function
177
Examples of physical factors
Small changes in pH or temperature
178
Define denatured
When a protein loses its conformation
179
Define net in regards to the body regulating the amount of protein in cells
Signalling pathways direct particular cells to make new proteins or to break down (degrade) existing proteins
180
Define up-regulation in regards to the body regulating the amount of protein in cells
The programmed production of new proteins. Receptors, enzymes, and membrane transporters.
181
Define down-regulation in regards to the body regulating the amount of proteins in cells
The programmed removal of proteins
182
Define pH
The measure of concentration of free H+
183
Define buffers
Are substances that moderate changes in pH
184
Acid characteristics
- Decrease pH
- A molecule that contributes to H+ to a solution
- Carboxyl group, -COOH
185
Base characteristics
- Increase pH
- A molecule that decreases the H+ of a solution by combining with free H+
- Molecules that produce hydroxide ions, -OH
186
What separates cavities and what are they lined with?
- Bones and tissues
- Tissue membranes
187
Define Lumen
The interior of any hollow organ
188
Example of lumen
Stomach
189
Characteristics of lumen
- May be wholly or partially filled with air or fluid
- For some organs, the lumen is part of the external environment
- material must cross the wall of the organ to enter internal environment
190
Function of the cell membrane
1) Physical isolation
2) Regulation off exchange with the environment
3) Communication between the cell and its environment
4) Structural support
191
What is physical isolation?
Physical barrier that separates ICF from ECF and ions and components
192
What is regulation of exchange with the environment?
Control entry of ions and nutrients, elimination of wastes, release of products
- Water can go through
193
What is communication between the cell and its environment?
Proteins enable the cell to recognize and respond to molecules or changes in the external environment
194
What is structural support?
Membrane proteins anchor the cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape or create junctions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix
195
Define secretion
Cell releases a substance to the ECF
196
Define cell membrane
Thin layer of lipids that separate the inside and outside of the cell
197
Why does the cell membrane create a hydrophobic barrier?
Makes water get pushed through
198
What makes up the cell membrane?
A double layer of phospholipids and protein molecules
199
What are peripheral proteins?
Can be removed without disrupting the integrity of the membrane
200
What are phospholipid heads?
Face the aqueous intracellular and extracellular compartments
201
What are lipid tails?
Form the interior layer of the membrane
202
What are micelles?
Droplets of phospholipids. They are important in lipid digestion.
203
How do membrane lipids create a hydrophobic barrier
When placed in an aqueous solution, phospholipids align so their polar heads interact with water while the non polar fatty acid tails "hide" by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water
204
Define peripheral proteins
- Activating/ signalling, not transport
- Attach to membrane proteins by non covalent interactions, removal does not disrupt membrane integrity
205
Define integral proteins
- More about transport than signalling the cell
- Tight bound to the membrane, removal disrupts membrane integrity
206
What are inclusions?
Inclusions are substances in the ICF that do not have boundary membranes
207
Examples of inclusions
- Glycogen
- fat droplets
- Ribosomes
- Pigments
208
What are ribosomes?
Small granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the direction of the cell's DNA
- Fixed ribosomes attach to the inside surface of organelles
- Free ribosomes are suspended free in the cytosol
209
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The main site of protein synthesis
210
What is the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton is a flexible, changeable scaffolding of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm.
211
What are microvilli?
- Microvilli increase cell surface area.
- They are supported by microfilaments.
212
What are microfilaments?
- Microfilaments form a network just inside the cell membrane.
213
What are microtubules?
- Microtubules are the largest cytoskeleton fibre.
214
What are intermediate filaments?
- Intermediate filaments include myosin and keratin.
215
What are motor proteins?
Motor proteins convert stored energy into directed movement.
216
What are organelles?
Organelles are sub cellular compartments separated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes.
217
What is the mitochondria?
- The powerhouse of the cell
- Where most of the ATP is synthesized
- The inner matrix is surrounded by a membrane that folds into leaflets called cristae.
218
What plays an important role in ATP production?
- The inter membrane space, which lies between the two membranes
219
What role does the Golgi apparatus and vesicles play?
- Consists of a series of hollow curved sacs called cisternae stacked on top of one another and surrounded by vesicle's.
- Participates in protein modification and packaging
220
Define secretory vesicles
Contain proteins that will be released from the cell
221
Define storage vesicles
Never leave the cytoplasm
222
What are peroxisomes?
Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign materials.
223
What are lysosomes
- Lysosomes are small, spherical storage vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes.
- Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
224
What is the nucleus?
- Cells control centre
- Contains DNA --> genetic material that controls all the cells processes
225
What is the purpose of transcription?
Transcription produces mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and non - coding RNA
226
What is the purpose of translation?
Translation produces proteins
- amino acids into a protein chain
227
Steps in protein synthesis (1 - 10)
1) mRNA is transcribed from genes in the DNA
2) mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to cytosolic ribosomes, igniting protein synthesis
3) Some proteins are released by free ribosomes into the cytosol or are targeted to specific organelles
4) Ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum direct proteins destined for packaging into the lumen of the rough ER
5) Proteins are modified as they pass through the lumen of the ER
6) Transport vesicles move the proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
7) Golgi cisternae migrate toward the cell membrane
8) Some vesicles bud off the cisternae and move in a retrograde or backward fashion
9) Some vesicles bud off to form lysosomes or storage vesicles
10) Other vesicles become secretory vesicles that release their contents outside the cell.
228
What are the four types of tissues?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4. Neural
229
Location of epithelial
Lines cavities/ surfaces
230
Unique features of epithelial
No blood supply
231
Location of connective tissue
Anchors muscle/ bones
232
Cell arrangement of connective tissue
irregular/ matrix
233
Unique feature of connective tissue
Less blood supply than muscles
234
Location of muscle tissue
- Cardiac
- Smooth
- Skeletal
235
Cell arrangement of muscle tissue
long branch
236
Unique feature of muscles tissues
- Excitable
- Increase blood supply
- Contracts
237
Location of neural tissues
All places
- CNS/ PNS
238
Cell arrangement of neural tissues
- Net work branch
239
Unique features of neural tissues
Electrical signalling
240
What is histology
The study of tissue structure and function
241
What are epithelial tissues?
- Protect the internal environment of the body
- Regulate the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments
242
Where are epithelial tissues found?
in lumen or alveoli or kidney
243
Structure of epithelial tissues
- One or more layers of cells connected to one another
- thin layer of extracellular matrix lying between the epithelial cells and their underlying tissues
244
Thin layer of epithelial tissues = _______
gas exchange
245
Thick layer of epithelial tissues = ______
protection
246
What are connective tissues?
Connective tissues provide structural support and sometimes a physical barrier that, along with specialized cells, helps defend the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria
247
4 connective tissues
1) Bones - calcifies which is gives its strength and rigidity
2) Cartilage - Solid, flexible, lack of blood supply
3) Adipose tissue - energy storage, temperature regulation, protective layer
4) Blood - Transportation of materials
248
What are muscle and neural tissues called and why?
- Excitable tissues
- They generate and propagate electrical signals
249
What are muscle tissues?
Can contract and produce force and movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and are responsible for gross movement of the body
250
What are neural tissues?
Includes two types of cells, neurone, or nerve cells, which carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Glial cells, or neuroglia, are the support cells for neurons.
251
What is extracellular matrix?
Is extracellular material that is synthesized and secreted by the cells of a tissue
252
What is the purpose of extracellular matrix?
- Growth and development to cell death.
253
What is the components of extracellular matrix?
Proteoglycans: Covalently bound to polysaccharide chains
Insoluble protein fibres: Collagen, fibronectin. and laminin
254
What are ways for cells to communicate with the external environment
Attachments between the extracellular matrix and proteins in the cell membrane or the cytoskeleton
255
Define cell junctions
Membrane proteins and extracellular matrix that hold cells together to form tissues
256
Define cell - adhesion molecules
membrane-spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient cell adhesions
257
What are the two ways cell death occurs?
- Necrosis
- Apoptosos
258
Define necrosis
Cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or lack of oxygen (may damage adjacent cells triggering inflammatory response)
259
Define apoptosos
programmed cell death, regulated by chemical signals (does not damage adjacent cells) --> Tissues get old
260
Where do replacement cells come from?
Stem cells --> undifferentiated: can do different things
261
First law of conservation of energy?
Total amount of energy in the universe is constant
- Most energy is lost as heat (only 1/5 is used by the body)
262
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
263
What is chemical work?
Making and breaking chemical bonds
264
What is transport work?
- Moving ions, molecules, and larger particles
- Useful for creating concentration gradients
265
What is mechanical work?
- Moving organelles, changing cell shape, beating flagella and cilia
- contracting muscles
266
What are the three types of work?
- Chemical
- Transport
- Mechanical
267
Forms of energy = ________+ ________
Kinetic and potential
268
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
- processes move from state of order to randomness or disorder (entropy)
- if you leave system alone, energy is lost
269
How do cells obtain energy from and store energy in chemical bonds of biomolecules?
Using chemical reactions, cells transform potential energy of chemical bonds into kinetic energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and movement
270
What can reactions do?
Move back and fourth to equilibrium
271
What is carbonic anhydrase used for in humans?
To catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and back again
272
What is the formula for carbonic anhydrose?
H20 + CO2 --> H2CO3
H2CO3 --> H+ HC03
273
Can reactions be irreversible or reversible?
yes
274
What is a combination reaction?
A+B-->C
275
What is a decomposition reaction?
C-->A+B
276
Definition of condensation
The process of combining two molecules to form a larger molecule, with the release of a small molecule such as water.
277
Definition of hydrolysis
The process of breaking down a larger molecule into smaller molecules by the addition of water.
278
What is activation energy?
Is the push needed to start a reaction
279
What do enzymes do?
Helps lower the activation energy
280
What is free energy?
the potential energy stored in chemical bonds
281
What is net free energy?
Change determines reaction reversibility
282
What is endergonic?
Reactions using energy utilizing
283
What is exergonic?
Reactions energy producing
284
What is the active site on an enzyme?
binding site
285
What do enzymes physically do?
Enzymes bring reactants together and may strength bonds to help with reactions
286
Can enzymes be used more than once?
Yes, they are not altered in the reactions
287
How many different enzymes are in a typical cell?
Approximately 4000
288
What are isozymes?
Different forms of enzymes
289
What are irreversible reactions?
Irreversible reactions lack the enzyme for the reverse direction
290
Define metabolism
is all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
291
Define catabolism
Energy-releasing breakdown
292
Define anabolism
Energy-utilizing synthesis
293
Define kilocalories
Energy released from or stored in chemical bonds
- Measure energy on the back of foods
- Energy it takes to raise one degree from fourteen to fifteen degrees in water
294
What are intermediates?
Molecules in pathways
295
How does ATP release energy?
By breaking phosphate bonds
296
ATP _______ energy... It does not _______ energy
- Provides
- Store
297
What produces more ATP, sugars or fats?
- Fats --> take longer to replenish but produces more ATP
- Glucose --> replenishes ATP fast
298
Approximately how many ATP does a glucose molecule produce?
30 - 32
299
Approximately how many ATP does a triacylglycerol produce?
480 ATP
300
What is a 3 carbon molecule?
a Pyruvate
301
What is a 2 carbon molecule?
Acetyl CoA
