Chapter 1,2,5 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What is Criminology?
A
the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. it includes the process of:
- making laws, breaking laws and reacting to the breaking of laws.
2
Q
What is the goal of criminology?
A
to develop a body of general and verified principles and knowledge regarding law, crime and treatment.
3
Q
How does crime affect us (directly or indirectly)
A
-taxpayers
-victims
-employees
4
Q
1 discipline of criminology
A
the definition of crime and criminals
5
Q
2 discipline of criminology
A
the origins and role of law
6
Q
3 discipline of criminology
A
the social distribution of crime
7
Q
4 discipline of crime
A
the causation of crime
8
Q
5 discipline of crime
A
patterns of criminal behavior
9
Q
6 discipline of crime
A
societal reactions to crime
10
Q
crime and the media
A
the medias perception of crime has serious consequences
11
Q
to understand crime we must….
A
-the characteristics of people who commit crime.
-trends in the occurrence of crime overtime
-differences in cities, countries, provinces.
12
Q
patterns of criminal behavior
A
defined by law in terms of categories such as: murder, assault, theft.
13
Q
societal reactions to crime
A
Canada, normally law violators are
processed through the criminal justice system that includes the police, courts, and corrections system
14
Q
societal reactions to crime-The constitution act 1867
A
determines how people charged with crimes are dealt with
15
Q
The CJS Divisions of power
A
- different levels of policing(federal, municipal, provincial.)
-courts are both under federal and provincial jurisdiction.
16
Q
Legal Definition of Crime
A
A crime is an act or omission that
violates criminal law and is punishable
17
Q
The regulation of behavior
A
Most of the time, most of us conform to the
norms our group prescribes.
* We follow most rules without consciously
thinking about them.
* Informal rules (or folkways) govern much of our
conduct.
* Some informal rules become formal regulations
or laws.
18
Q
What is crime?
A
these harmful acts are considered harms against
society as a whole.
—As such, the state is responsible for enforcing and
prosecuting those who commit these harmful acts
19
Q
White-Collar Crime: Sutherland
A
focusing only on violations of the
criminal law presented a misleading picture of crime
20
Q
Herman and Julia Schwendinger (1970) proposed a broader definition of crime
A
it should be based on human rights, rather than legal
status.
* If an act violated someone’s rights to the necessities of
life, it should be considered a crime.
21
Q
White collar crime
A
were being committed by middle- and upper-class people in the course of their business activities
22
Q
Imperialism, sexism, racism, and homophobia are also
very harmful
A
should also be considered crime.
23
Q
Hagen’s (1985) Continuum of Crime and Deviance
A
Falls somewhere between legalistic and human rights
24
Q
Hagan: crime and deviance should be
considered as a continuum from most serious
to least serious acts, based on three
dimensions
A
- The degree of consensus that an act is wrong
- The severity of society’s response to the act
- The amount of harm caused by the act
25
4 major catergories of crime and deviance
-consensus crimes, conflict crimes, social deviations, social diversions
26
The relativity of crime
The distinction between criminal
and noncriminal is thus ambiguous.
27
Consensus Theory
Criminal laws represent a consensus within a
society about what acts should be prohibited
28
Conflict Theorists
reject the idea that laws reflect a consensus of society
29
Class Conflict Theory
views laws as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain their privilege position by keeping "common people" under control
30
Group Conflict Theory
views laws as the result of a political process, which involves conflict between different interest groups.
31
Green Criminology
about the causes and consequences of environmental destruction
32
Terrorism Studies
defining terrorism exemplifies how crimes are socially constructed terrorists to some are "freedom fighters" to others.
33
The Social Definition of Terrorism
The deliberate use or the threat to use violence
against civilians in order to attain political,
ideological, and religious goals” (Ganor, 2002, 288)
34
Terrorism and The Rule of Law
Power of the state has expanded to
include:
* tough new laws
* widespread surveillance
* ethnic and religious profiling
35
Surveillance Studies
Surveillance can be defined as “any systematic focus
on personal information in order to influence,
manage, entitle, or control those whose information
is collected” (Bennett et al., 2014, 6)
36
Social Media and Privacy
Privacy concerns have been raised about the
information that gets harvested by companies
37
Online DNA Matching
DNA collected by a genetic testing service was used
to catch the Golden State Killer. This case raised privacy issues.
38
Three Sub-Fields in Criminology
-green criminology, terrorism studies, surveillance studies
39
Which of the following is true about how criminologists examine crime and deviance?
Criminologists aim to understand violations of criminal law as well as behavior's that are perceived as or treated as crimes by society.
40
Which of the following approaches to the study of crime best captures a scenario in which government policy serves to punish the lower class?
The conflict approach
41
According to “Box 1.1: Crime and the Media,” which of the following best reflects the relationship between the media and Canadians’ perceptions about crime?
Stories on crime often provide a distorted picture of crime, which influences perceptions of crime
42
The policing of crime in Canada is a responsibility that varies provincially. What laws and jurisdictions fall under the authority of the RCMP?
Some federal laws and policing in all provinces, with the exception of Ontario, Quebec, and parts of Newfoundland and Labrador
43
Within Communities
Cooperation and kinship ties were the essential
means of preserving harmony and restoring order
44
Small Scale Society and the Origin of Law
many had no centralized structure for decision making.
45
Collective Solidarity
life was an exercise in mutual survival
46
Subsistence Economy
Everyone had roughly the same amount of
belongings. There was no surplus. This made it necessary to share the fruits of the days hunting or foraging
47
Without surplus
There was little need for a state; everyone was of roughly equal status
48
Members had to control their hostility, greed, and envy to survive
Members were expected to have lifelong
interactions with one another.
– This discouraged quarrelling.
– There was a fear of reprisal.
– There was a desire to keep hostilities from surfacing
and disturbing the business of living.
49
Dispute Settlements
women were considered valuable resources
50
Common causes for dispute
Improper food distribution, asymmetrical gift exchange, laziness, stinginess, theft, and murder
51
The Goal of Dispute Settlement
restore harminous relationships between the parties
52
Absensce of political Institutions
disputants had to resolve conflict themselves
53
Self-Based Redress
the harmed party took matters into his/her own hands in order to seek a settlement (revenge, successful negotiation, some kind of compensation
54
Kin-Based Redress
a member of family sought a settlement on behalf of a
harmed family member
55
Punishment ranged from:
public criticism, shaming rituals, and temporary or permanent ostracism, to expulsion from the
group, blood feuds, and reprisal killings.
56
Injured Party
had to initiate the dispute resolution process
57
Customary Expectations of appropriate way to redress conflict
if it was too harsh, the group disapproval of sanctions
58
Each small scale society had a body of custom
coupled with the fear of reprisal): this acted as a
brake on escalation by defining the appropriate level
of redress for various offences
59
Advisor Systems
less common method of dispute resolution
60
advisor tended to be high status men who:
typically recognized hunters, speakers, or warriors
* public repositories of wisdom about customs and rituals
61
advisors acted as a moral authority, they:
interpreted dispute based on facts each side presented
* made recommendations based on custom
* could not enforce compliance
62
new forms of power led to important changes
Economic surpluses gave rise to “pyramidal”
power.
– A small elite class controlled decision making
63
Social Power and Inequality
Members who privately owned land and livestock
were able to generate a surplus
64
The New modes of production
allowed those more powerful to take surplus value from those who are less powerful
65
less powerful segments of society
found it hard to defend their interests and resist those social forces that were compromising their interests.
66
Surplus goods and private property
allowed for theft, as well as payment as compensation for
offences
67
Contracts, rents and wills emerged
requiring an increasingly complex body of civil laws
68
A centralization of power
England transformed from land-based feudalism to the modern capitalist industrial society
69
Basic Model of Feudalism
a central farm owned by a landlord, and small land holdings for a class of farm labourers
70
Feudalism developed
the notion of collective responsibility was replaced by individual responsibility
71
When Feudal Lords Consolidated...
they developed laws to address disputes
72
Informal Dispute Settlement Practices
small-scale societies were undermined and
replaced by feudal lords and their laws
73
1066: William the Conquer
declared himself “supreme landlord” of England.
74
The Central Authority of the King
emerged to replace the authority of feudal lords
75
The Kings System: common law
available to all who had the Crown settle disputes, rather than their kin or lords
76
Why did merchants provide money?
in exchange for land as collateral and safe trading
77
what did the enclosure movement conflict?
peasants right to hunt and fish and graze
78
what did the growth of commerce result in?
transactions governed by law instead of custom
79
what did the merchant class help with?
Crown consolidate power, in exchange for legislation and
enforcement favouring merchants
80
what did the growth of commerce and trade spur?
The Industrial Revolution
81
The New social order was...
predicated on law, in both commercial and criminal realms
82
Contemporary State Power
Laws became the principal means of regulating
human activity and ensuring social order
83
what laws embodied a consensus?
agreement that the act is wrong; assault, theft,
84
The influence of special interest groups (moral entrpenures)
* Criminalizing certain drugs
* Rape legislation
* Anti-combine laws
85
Transnational Corperations
are some of the most powerful special interest groups.
* They greatly influence state policies and laws.
86
The Rule of Law
depends on the willingness of citizens (majority) to comply.
– This means that the state is perceived as legitimate by
the citizenry
87
Crisis of Legitimacy
Any state that fails to live up to its end of the
social contract will eventually face (civil unrest and threatens states power)
88
Potential Sources for State delegitmization
Underregulated practices of big corporations
– Pollution of air, water, soil, and the food chain
– Ecocide: an assault on an entire ecosystem
– Growing and extreme levels of inequality
89
Restorative Justice
RJ represents a return to the dispute settlement
modes of small-scale society.
– The victim, the offender, and the community are
active participants in the process.
– Reintegration is the goal.
– RJ can rebuild communities as well.
90
According to Newman, many disputes in hunting and gathering societies were fought over what was considered to be a highly valuable resource in that society. Which of the following was that valuable resource?
Women
91
Which of the following outcomes was a result of the vulnerable existence experienced by hunters and gatherers who travelled often and could not accumulate a surplus of resources?
a strong collective solidarity
92
Which of the following best characterizes self-based systems of redress in small-scale societies?
There are customary expectations about the appropriateness of different punishments.
93
According to the textbook, which of the following became a central focus of law during the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Industrial Revolution?
Managing commerce and money
94
Which of the following best describes the objective of restorative justice?
To rebuild communities that may have been weakened by crime and social ills
95
Correlates of crime
variables that are connected with crime
96
Maturational Reform
people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older
97
3 factors of maturational reform:
-physiological limitations, social bonds, socially responsible
98
Women and Violent Crime study
Heimer and De Coster (1999): the gender gap in violent crime is the result of structural positions and cultural processes
99
5 pathways for women in crime
-Harmed & harming women
* Battered women
* Street women
* Drug-connected women
* Other women
100
Gender Differences in Criminal Behavior
males and females are held to widely
divergent standards and expectations in what
constitutes appropriate behavior
101
Role Convergence Hypothesis
As the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.
102
Differential Offending Hypothesis
there is a difference between racial groups in terms of the
incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns
103
Differential Treatment Hypothesis
structural inequality in the administration of justice is
responsible for overrepresentation
104
R v Gladue (1999)
Provides a backdrop to structural explanations of the
overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the
criminal justice system
105
Colonial Model
Colonialization has had devastating psychological and
social consequences.
* The resulting alienation may manifest itself in crime
and a high rate of violence within First Nations.
105
Historic Trauma Transmission Model
Acculturation produces “learned helplessness”
(fatalism).
* This leads to self-blame, passivity, hostile behaviours,
and a decreased sense of self, which manifests itself
in suicide, violence, and criminal behaviour
106
Critical Race Theory
The CJS reflects dominant group’s norms and values
and favours that group
107
Which of the following pairings represent the two strongest known correlates of crime?
Gender and Age
108
What does the “role convergence” hypothesis suggest?
As social roles of the sexes become more equal,
differences in their criminal behaviour will diminish
109
According to the textbook, what scientific theory is used to explain the fact that criminal behaviour peaks at a young age and then declines?
Maturational reform
110
Why has the idea of collecting race and crime statistics been so controversial in Canada?
Opponents were concerned that they could be used to justify racist theories of crime
111
Which of the following statements represents the nature of the relationship between age and crime?
Young people are overrepresented among accused persons
112
Which of the following best describes a key assumption of critical race theory?
Racism in the criminal justice system is inevitable
