Chapter 1

Question 0

A verbal mechanism including a set of organized principles that explain the phenomenon

Answer 0

Theoretical explanation

Question 1

Objective observable/measurable information that supports the assertion.

Answer 1

Empirical evidence

Question 2

Studies human growth,maturation and learning process across the lifespan.

Answer 2

Development psychology

Question 3

Physical increase in the body

Answer 3

Growth

Question 4

Point of growth and learning where system is capable of function as intended

Answer 4

Maturation

Question 5

Relatively permanent change in behavior die to experience

Answer 5

Learning

Question 6

Physical/biological changes(cognitive, behavioral) compared to ones age peers

Answer 6

Psychological age

Question 7

Social roles, symbols, and expectations compared to ones age peers

Answer 7

Social age

Question 8

Values,beliefs,attitudes, and norms if a particular group

Answer 8

Culture

Question 9

Comparison of views,norms,beliefs on human development helps determine culture influence-more valid prediction and explanation of development trajectory.

Answer 9

Cross-culture studies

Question 10

Events that are predictable by age

Answer 10

Normative age

Question 11

Graded influences that are specific to a generation

Answer 11

Normative history

Question 12

Events that are not typical or specific and unpredictable

Answer 12

Nonnormative influences

Question 13

A debate about whether development is influenced most by biological heredity or environmental experiences

Answer 13

Nature vs nurture

Question 14

A gradual,cumulative process of change due more to experiences

Answer 14

Continuous

Question 15

An age-stage process with distinct changes in stages that are due more to growth and maturation

Answer 15

Discontinuous

Question 16

Specific period of time when environmental event has the most impact upon the developing organism

Answer 16

Critical periods

Question 17

Level of consciousness

-aware of current experiences or thoughts

Answer 17

Conscious

Question 18

LOC

-stored memories, capable of being retrieved

Answer 18

Preconscious

Question 19

LOC

-put of awareness irrational wishes,shameful urges,unacceptable sexual desires, fears, repressed or suppressed

Answer 19

Unconscious

Question 20

Major components of personality

Answer 20

ID-immediate gratification
Ego-reality principle
Superego-morality principle/ideal self

Question 21

Frueds’s theory. The ID/biological drives motivate the ego and superego development primarily at the unconscious level

Answer 21

Theoretical position

Question 22

Areas of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving(sensual) sensations at each stage of psychosexual development

Answer 22

Biological drives-erogenous zones & psychosexual stages

Question 23

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development in order

Answer 23

• oral
• anal
• phallic
• latency
• genital

Question 24

Over gratification or under gratification of a particular need during a psychosexual stage that hinders or impedes development

Answer 24

Fixation

Question 25

Unconscious ego forces that attempt to reduce anxiety,guilt,frustration,etc.

Answer 25

Defense mechanism

Question 26

Conscious and unconscious levels of ego crisis(trust,autonomy,initiative,) motivate interpersonal behaviors to establish ego strengths "virtues" (hope ,will,purpose, competence,fidelity,love,care,wisdom)

Answer 26

Erikson's theory of theoretical position

Question 27

Cognitive structure/framework used to organize experience/concepts into categories

Answer 27

Schemas

Question 28

Utilizing existing concepts/categories to process experience or stimuli

Answer 28

Assimilation

Question 29

Form new or modify existing categories/concepts to process stimuli or experiences

Answer 29

Accommodation

Question 30

Interactive and simultaneous process between assimilation and accommodation

Answer 30

Equilibration

Question 31

Cognitive change/development occurs as individuals construct and reconstruct Schemas in order to conceptualizer and adapt to ones environment(biology of cognition, growth, maturation)

Answer 31

Cognitive Development position

Question 32

Social cognitive theory

Answer 32

* cognitive abilities are interpreted developmentally | * cognitive abilities are mediated by language

Question 33

Cognitive abilities are constructed individually as one's culture mediates(especially language) change in structure for interpersonal and sociocultural adaptation

Answer 33

Sociocultural cognitive position

Question 34

Zone of proximal development which includes a inner/lower limit of mastered ability and an outer/upper limit of potential ability

Answer 34

Sociocultural model

Question 35

* control processes(encoding,storage,retrieval) involve directing &manipulating information/input * Component processes(sensory,working,(short-term) long-term) involve the holding & maintenance of information/input

Answer 35

Information Processing Theory

Question 36

Cognitive development occurs by processing controls(encoding,storage, retrieval) and processing components(sensory,short term,long term) changing in rate (speed &accuracy) and capacity (amount) as our brain grows, matures and experiences our environment

Answer 36

Information Processing Position

Question 37

Strengthen the association between stimulus and response when followed by rewarding consequences

Answer 37

Reinforcement part of operant conditioning theory

Question 38

Weaken the association between stimulus and response when followed by aversive/unpleasant consequences

Answer 38

Punishment

Question 39

Successive apron impatiens of a behavior towards a desired target behavior

Answer 39

Shaping

Question 40

Behavioral (motor,language,interpersonal) change/development of personality(patterns) is gradual and occurs due to associative learning (reinforcement & punishing consequences) processes

Answer 40

Operant conditioning position

Question 41

Social cognitive learning theory

Answer 41

Albert bandura

Question 42

•Observational learning theory involves observing and reproducing a model behavior

Answer 42

Social cognitive learning theory

Question 43

Behavioral change or personality development is due to observing and reproducing a model's behavior within the reciprocal dynamic of cognitive behavioral environmental processes

Answer 43

Social cognitive learning position

Question 44

Self actualization theory

Answer 44

Abraham Maslow

Question 45

Motivation(deficiency needs, d-needs) involves reducing tension to satisfy deficit states •metamotivational(being needs,b-needs) involves psychosocial needs to realize the potential self

Answer 45

Self actualization theory

Question 46

Personality changes/develops during the process of individuals progressing through needs to realize the potential self across important life roles

Answer 46

Self actualization position

Question 47

Biological position on behavior change/development- occurs by processes of individual selection behaviors during critical periods(environmental demands)

Answer 47

Ethnological theory(Konrad Lorenz)

Question 48

Sociological position on behavioral change/development-occurs due to the impact of different social systems/structures affecting adaptive interpersonal behavior

Answer 48

Ecological theory

Question 49

Results represent what they are proposed to represent

Answer 49

Validity

Question 50

Results are consistent across studies and/or time

Answer 50

Reliability

Question 51

Mathematical procedure used to describe data and test hypothesis

Answer 51

Statistics

Question 52

The study of gene structure(molecular composition of the gene) and function (coding and instructions or cellular activity)

Answer 52

Genetics

Question 53

The study of the genetic environmental relationships regarding genotype and phenotype endowment

Answer 53

Heredity

Question 54

Sandra Scarr's 3 types if gene-environment relationships

Answer 54

* passive-parents provide environment that matches their own genetic makeup * evocative-child's genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from environment that supports trait * active-child actively seeks out "niches" in environment that supports interests

Question 55

An evolutionary process of gene selection in which an individual of a species passes on its most effective and efficient at genetic material for adapting,surviving and reproducing in ones environment

Answer 55

Natural selection

Question 56

To study adaptive psychology behaviors in light of their relationship to survival & reproduction

Answer 56

Evolutionary psychology

Question 57

A specific point on chromosome carrying a specific trait

Answer 57

Locus

Question 58

Multiple genes coding for (additive or complimentary process) the same trait

Answer 58

Poly genes

Question 59

The study of the relationship between genetic variations and behavioral variations

Answer 59

Behavioral genetics

Question 60

Tendency or likelihood for a particular inherited trait to be displayed if particular conditions are experienced

Answer 60

Behavioral predisposition

Question 61

An assertion supported by evidence and theory

Answer 61

Intellectual argument

Question 62

Assertion, empirical evidence and theoretical explanation

Answer 62

Components of an argument

Question 63

Specific position on some phenomenon( relationships or effects of one variable upon another)

Answer 63

Assertion

Question 64

An assertion supported by evidence and theory

Answer 64

Intellectual argument

Question 65

Assertion, empirical evidence and theoretical explanation

Answer 65

Components of an argument

Question 66

Specific position on some phenomenon( relationships or effects of one variable upon another)

Answer 66

Assertion