Chapter 1

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

What does motor control study?

Answer 2

The nature of movement and how movement is controlled

Question 3

What factors affect the control of movement?

Answer 3

Who? (the individual)
What? (the task)
Where? (the environment)

Question 4

What are the individual factors?

Answer 4

Action, perception, cognition

Question 5

What is perception?

Answer 5

The integration of sensory input into meaningful information

Question 6

What are the 3 types of information included in perception?

Answer 6

Proprioception, mass of the object, vision

Question 7

What is cognition?

Answer 7

An essential element of movement to achieve a specific goal or intent

Question 8

What elements are included in cognition?

Answer 8

Attention, emotional aspects, motivation, planning, problem solving

Question 9

Why are tasks important in recovery?

Answer 9

Therapeutic strategies can help patients relearn functional tasks, which are essential to maximizing the recovery of function

Question 10

What are the categories of tasks?

Answer 10

Mobility, stability, and manipulation

Question 11

What tasks require mobility?

Answer 11

ADLs, Bed mobility, transfers

Question 12

What is the difference between basic and instrumental ADLs?

Answer 12

Basic are those that are absolutely necessary for daily life (eating, dressing) instrumental are additive to make life more enjoyable (shopping, transportation)

Question 13

Which tasks are included with a nonmoving BOS? A moving BOS?

Answer 13

Nonmoving = stability
Moving = mobility

Question 14

The presence of manipulation during a task increases the need for ________.

Answer 14

Stability

Question 15

What are the types of movement variability?

Answer 15

Open or closed movement tasks

Question 16

What are open movement tasks?

Answer 16

Individuals must adapt their performance within a constantly changing and unpredictable environment

Question 17

What are closed movement tasks?

Answer 17

Relatively stereotyped, showing little variability, and performed in relatively fixed or predictable situations

Question 18

What are the two types of environments that shape movement?

Answer 18

Regulatory and nonregulatory

Question 19

What is the effect of a regulatory environment on movement?

Answer 19

It shapes the movement, example: type of floor surface

Question 20

What is the effect of a non-regulatory environment on movement?

Answer 20

May influence performance but movement does not have to be dictated by these features, example: distraction while driving

Question 21

What are the 2 general guidelines for designing a treatment program?

Answer 21

1) Build from simple to more complex (ex. closed to open, stability to mobility)
2) Practice under conditions the skill will be performed

Question 22

What is the theory of motor control?

Answer 22

A group of abstract ideas about the control of movement. They describe viewpoints regarding how movement is controlled.

Question 23

What are the values of the theories of motor control?

Answer 23

1) Provide a framework for assumption and interpretation of behavior.
2) Provide guidelines for clinical practice.
3) They are dynamic and changing to reflect knowledge evolving from new ideas.
4) Hypothesis-driven model allows for examination and development of intervention.

Question 24

Who/when developed the Reflex Theory?

Answer 24

Sir Charles Sherrington in the early 1900’s

Question 25

What is the Reflex Theory?

Answer 25

Reflexes were the basis for all movement which could be explained by the combined action of individual reflexes chained together

Question 26

What is the clinical implication of the Reflex Theory?

Answer 26

Facilitate good reflex and inhibit not good ones

Question 27

What are the limitations of the Reflex Theory?

Answer 27

- volitional motion requires no stimulus | - cannot explain novel movements

Question 28

Who describes the Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 28

Hughlings Jackson

Question 29

What is the Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 29

Movement is controlled in a top-down manner. Reflexes are dominant when higher centers are damaged.

Question 30

What are examples of the Hierarchical Theory in PT?

Answer 30

Neurofacilitation to inhibit spasticity

Question 31

What are the limitations of the Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 31

- touching a hot stove causes you to withdrawl the limb, which uses the lowest hierarchy dominating motor function - the central pattern generator (mediated spinally) does not necessarily require control from the top level

Question 32

Explain the Modified Concept of the Hierarchical Theory

Answer 32

Each level of the nervous system can act on other levels (higher and lower) depending on the task

Question 33

What is the Motor Programming Theory?

Answer 33

More flexible than the reflex theory, can be activated by sensory inputs or central motor pattern. Explores physiology of pro-action in the CNS rather than solely re-action.

Question 34

What is the application of the Motor Programming Theory?

Answer 34

Allows PT to focus on retraining movement important to functional tasks, not just on specific muscle groups in isolation

Question 35

What is the limitation of the Motor Programming Theory?

Answer 35

Doesn't consider the interaction of motor function with musculoskeletal/environmental variables in achieving movement control.

Question 36

Who/when invented the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 36

Nicolai Bernstein in the 1960's

Question 37

What is the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 37

Explains the control of movement beyond the CNS by incorporating multiple systems (both internal and external). Many joints and muscles are to be controlled to achieve coordinated and synergistic movements.

Question 38

What systems are involved in the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 38

- Regulation Systems - Environmental Systems - Commanding Systems - Musculoskeletal Systems - Sensorimotor Systems - Comparing Systems

Question 39

What is the best way for someone to become adaptive to unpredictable and environmental challenges?

Answer 39

Using the optimal amount of variability in motor performance

Question 40

What is the application of the Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 40

- it is valuable in learning a new task and relearning tasks due to injury - intervention should focus on "variable practice" with different conditions

Question 41

What is the limitation of the Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 41

It overemphasizes the body mechanics, and underestimates the role of the CNS

Question 42

What is the Ecological Theory?

Answer 42

Movement is controlled by the information in our environment that is detected by our motor systems. The info is effectively integrated to perform goal-oriented actions.