Chapter 1

Question 1

What is stuttering? 2 definitions

Answer 1

1. Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”)
2. A complex disorder including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”)

Question 2

A Definition: Events or Disorder?

Answer 2

Stuttering occurs when the “forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word or the speaker’s reaction thereto.” Van Riper

Question 3

Dimensions of Normal Speech Fluency

• Rate:
• Continuity:
• Tension effort:

Answer 3

• Rate: appropriate speech timing
• Continuity: smooth connections
• Tension effort: appropriate force

Question 4

What is “disfluency”?

• Observable _____ in on-going speech
• Refers to______, normal or not
• Occurs in ____ speech, not only in the those who ____

Answer 4

• interruptions
• all speech interruptions
• everyone’s, stutter

Question 5

Six major multidimensional aspects of a stuttering disorder

Answer 5

Overt speech characteristics
Physical concomitants
Physiological activity
Affective features
Cognitive processes
Social dynamics

Question 6

Stuttering-Like Disfluency

Answer 6

Part word repetition
Single syllable word repetition
disrhythmic phonation

Question 7

Part word repetition
Single syllable word repetition
disrhythmic phonation

Answer 7

• bu bu but
• and - and - and
• mo——-mmmy

Question 8

other dysfluencies

Answer 8

phrase repetition
revision
interjection

Question 9

phrase repetition
revision
interjection

Answer 9

• I like to - I like to
• It was, I mean…
• Um, well, er..

Question 10

Types of Disorder-Oriented Definitions

Answer 10

Organic
Psychopathogenic
Psychosocial
Learning-based
Speaker-based perspectives

Question 11

Robert West -

Stuttering is primarily an _____ manifested in dissynergies of the _____ for speech

Answer 11

Stuttering is primarily an epileptic disorder manifested in dissynergies of the neuromotor mechanism for speech

Question 12

Charles Van Riper
Stuttering is a disorder of ____. It is a ___ disruption of ____ programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable

Answer 12

Stuttering is a disorder of timing. It is a temporal disruption of simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable

Question 13

Churchill’s Medical Dictionary
A speech disorder affecting the ___ of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity ___ with the speaker’s ____ and ___.

Answer 13

A speech disorder affecting the fluency of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity varies with the speaker’s situation and audience.

Question 14

Peter Glauber
Stuttering is a ___ disorder in which ___ disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a ___ symptom of ____ disorder.

Answer 14

Stuttering is a neurotic disorder in which personality disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a psychopathological symptom of conversion disorder.

Question 15

John Fletcher

Stuttering is a morbidity of _____, a hyper-sensitivity of ____, a pathological ___ response

Answer 15

Stuttering is a morbidity of social consciousness, a hyper-sensitivity of social attitude, a pathological social response

Question 16

Jon Eisenson

Stuttering is a _____ disturbance in communicating _____ language

Answer 16

Stuttering is a transient (brief) disturbance in communicating propositional language

Question 17

Wendell Johnson

Stuttering is an __________________ reaction

Answer 17

Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction

Question 18

William Perkins

Stuttering indicates a loss of _______ continue a _____ utterance

Answer 18

Stuttering indicates a loss of the control to voluntarily continue a disrupted utterance

Question 19

World Health Organization

A disorder of the ____ where the person___ what he /she wishes to say, yet is ____ due to _______________ of a sound

Answer 19

A disorder of the rhythm of speech where the person knows what he /she wishes to say, yet is unable to say it due to involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of a sound

Question 20

The Authors’ essential definition

Articulatory gestures in a ______________ in an attempted delivery of syllables or elements of syllables

Answer 20

Articulatory gestures in a holding pattern (repetition, prolongation, block) in an attempted delivery of syllables or elements of syllables

Question 21

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Developmental
Stuttering: Early Period

Stuttering is ____, but highly responsive to ___ factors

Stuttering events are characterized by frequent and/or intense intermittent____ to the________________

Answer 21

Stuttering is genetically based, but highly responsive to environmental factors

Stuttering events are characterized by frequent and/or intense intermittent disruptions to the integration of syllables or elements of syllables

Question 22

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Stuttering: Later period

When the disorder persists, a range of multidimensional characteristics are acquired:_____________, as well as __, ___, ___ reactions.

To the PWS, these can be more ____ than the _____ speech.

Answer 22

When the disorder persists, a range of multidimensional characteristics are acquired: overt body tensions, motor-physiological adaptations, as well as emotional, cognitive and social reactions.

To the PWS, these can be more disturbing than the stuttered speech.