Chapter 1-3

Question 1

subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group

Answer 1

minority group

Question 2

minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences

Answer 2

racial group

Question 3

is set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Answer 3

ethnic group

Question 4

based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group

Answer 4

biological race

Question 5

the ratio of a person’s mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, with 100 representing average intelligence

Answer 5

intelligence quotient(IQ)

Question 6

when the belief that the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is widespread is coupled with the feeling that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others

Answer 6

racism

Question 7

a sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed

Answer 7

racial formation

Question 8

the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups

Answer 8

penethnicity

Question 9

the status of being between two cultures

Answer 9

marginality

Question 10

the systematic study of social behavior and human groups

Answer 10

sociology

Question 11

social ranking

Answer 11

class

Question 12

the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society

Answer 12

stratification

Question 13

emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability

Answer 13

functionalist perspective

Question 14

elements of society that may disrupt a social system or decrease its stability

Answer 14

dysfunctions

Question 15

assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict of tension between competing groups

Answer 15

conflict perspective

Question 16

portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsbility

Answer 16

blaming the victim

Question 17

becker; explains why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not

Answer 17

labeling theory

Question 18

the image that prejudiced people maintain of a group toward which they hold ill feelings

Answer 18

stereotype

Question 19

responding to negatives stereotypes and acting on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate

Answer 19

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 20

describes any transfer of population

Answer 20

migration

Question 21

describes leaving a country to settle in another

Answer 21

emigration

Question 22

denotes coming into the new country

Answer 22

immigration

Question 23

the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

Answer 23

globalization

Question 24

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period

Answer 24

colonialism

Question 25

views the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor

Answer 25

world systems theory

Question 26

the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Answer 26

genocide

Question 27

state-sponsered systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators

Answer 27

Halocaust

Question 28

the forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence including death

Answer 28

ethnic cleansing

Question 29

the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions

Answer 29

segregation

Question 30

a policy of separate development, euphemistically called multinational development by the government

Answer 30

apartheid

Question 31

when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group

Answer 31

fusion

Question 32

the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people

Answer 32

amalgamation

Question 33

diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural entity

Answer 33

melting pot

Question 34

the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group

Answer 34

assimilation

Question 35

the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society

Answer 35

segmented assimilation

Question 36

implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another's culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination

Answer 36

pluralism

Question 37

emphasizes the customs of African cultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the United States and around the word

Answer 37

Afrocentric perspective

Question 38

the tendency to believe that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others'

Answer 38

ethnocentrism

Question 39

a negative attitude toward an entire category of people

Answer 39

prejudice

Question 40

ethnic slurs which include derisive nicknames such as honky, gook, and wetback

Answer 40

ethnophaulisms

Question 41

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons

Answer 41

discrimination

Question 42

the rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White

Answer 42

white privilege

Question 43

prejudiced people believe they are society's victims

Answer 43

scapegoating theory

Question 44

anti-Jewish prejudice and dicrimination

Answer 44

Anti-Semitism

Question 45

has basic characteristics that mean it is a personality type that is likely to be prejudiced; adherence to conventional values, uncritical acceptance of authority, and concern with power and toughness

Answer 45

authoritarian personality

Question 46

explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior to justify the exploitation of that group

Answer 46

exploitation theory

Question 47

the view that prejudice is influenced by societal normal and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities

Answer 47

normative approach

Question 48

unreliable generalizations about all members of a group and do not take individual differences into account

Answer 48

stereotypes

Question 49

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

Answer 49

sexism

Question 50

the fear of and prejudice toward homosexuality

Answer 50

homophobia

Question 51

any police-intiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person's behavior

Answer 51

racial profiling

Question 52

the use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo

Answer 52

color-blind racism

Question 53

the tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group

Answer 53

social distance

Question 54

measures social distance empirically

Answer 54

Bogardus scale

Question 55

intergroup contact between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances causes them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes

Answer 55

contact hypothesis

Question 56

the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

Answer 56

relative deprivation

Question 57

a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist

Answer 57

absolute deprivation

Question 58

a crime in which offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic

Answer 58

hate crime

Question 59

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

Answer 59

institutional discrimination

Question 60

salaries, wages, and other money received

Answer 60

income

Question 61

all a person's material assets

Answer 61

wealth

Question 62

the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy home in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

Answer 62

redlining

Question 63

the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race of socioeconomic circumstance

Answer 63

environmental justice

Question 64

the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Answer 64

affirmative action

Question 65

government actions cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men

Answer 65

reverse discrimination

Question 66

attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents people from reaching their full potential

Answer 66

glass ceiling

Question 67

limitation that prevent minorities from moving laterally

Answer 67

glass walls

Question 68

the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women

Answer 68

glass escalator