Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Contraindication
A
In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment.
2
Q
PAR-Q
A
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
3
Q
WHP
A
Worksite Health Promotion - A combination of educational, organizational and environmental activities and programs designed to motivate and support healthy lifestyles among a company’s employees and their families.”
4
Q
Manual Resistance
A
When a personal trainer substitutes their strength to provide resistance to the client’s exercise movement.
5
Q
Anterior
A
The front of the body; ventral
6
Q
Posterior
A
The back of the body; dorsal
7
Q
Superficial
A
Located close to or on the body surface
8
Q
Deep
A
Below the surface
9
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to any reference point
10
Q
Distal
A
Farther from any reference point
11
Q
Superior
A
Toward the head; higher (cephalic)
12
Q
Inferior
A
Away from the head; lower (caudal)
13
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
14
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline of the body; to the side
15
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
16
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
17
Q
Unilateral
A
One side
18
Q
Bilateral
A
Both sides
19
Q
Prone
A
Lying face down
20
Q
Supine
A
Lying face up
21
Q
Valgus
A
Abnormal position in which distal segment of a joint is bent away from the midline
22
Q
Varus
A
Abnormal position in which distal segment of a joint is bent toward the midline
23
Q
Arm
A
The region from the shoulder to elbow
24
Q
Forearm
A
The region from the elbow to the wrist
25
Thigh
The region from the hip to the knee
26
Leg
The region from the knee to the ankle
27
Kinesiology
The study of the mechanics of human movement; specifically muscles, joints, skeletal structures
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Biomechanics
The study of the motion and causes of motion of living things.
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Kinematics
Human motion
30
Kinetics
Causes of human motion; reaction.
31
Gait
Manner of walking
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Anatomical Position
Standing erect with feet together and upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms facing forward, thumbs facing away, and fingers extended.
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Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into right/left
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior
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Transverse/Cross-Sectional/Axial/Horizontal Plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior
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Center of Gravity
Theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act.
37
Line of Gravity
Vertical line passing through the Center of Gravity
38
Flexion
Bending or being bent
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Extension
Straightening or extending
40
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane
41
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane
42
Horizontal Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane
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Horizontal Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
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Internal (medial) Rotation
Rotation toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
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External (lateral) Rotation
Rotation away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane
46
Lateral Flexion (right or left)
Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
47
Rotation (right or left)
Right or left rotation in the transverse plane
48
Elevation
Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane (shrug)
49
Depression
Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane (shrug)
50
Retraction
Movement of the scapula toward the midline in the frontal plane (rowing)
51
Protraction
Movement of the scapula away from the midline in the frontal plane (push-up)
52
Upward Rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane (shoulder press)
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Downward Rotation
Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane (pull-up)
54
Circumduction
A compound circular movement of a limb involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
55
Radial Deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
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Ulnar Deviation
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
57
Opposition
Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit
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Eversion
Abducting the ankle
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Inversion
Adducting the ankle
60
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of the ankle, moving the foot anteriorly in the sagittal plane
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Plantarflexion
Extension of the ankle, moving the foot posteriorly in the sagittal plane
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Pronation (foot/ankle)
Upward movement of foot including eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion
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Supination (foot/ankle)
Downward movement of foot including inversion, adduction and plantarflexion
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Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton
Axial skeleton - bones such as the skull, ribs and vertebrae that form a sort of main vertical axis. Appendicular - Everything else
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Diaphysis
Bone shaft
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Epiphysis
Bone end. Covered with articular cartilage.
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Cartilage
Resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue that reduces friction and absorbs shock in synovial joints. (meniscus)
68
Metaphysis
Where the Diaphysis and Epiphysis meet
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Medullary Cavity
The space inside the Diaphysis, containing marrow
70
Endosteum
Lining of the Medullary Cavity containing cells necessary for bone development
71
Periosteum
Membrane covering the surface of bones except at the articular surfaces. Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons. Critical for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
72
Articular
Relating to joints
73
Compact Bone
Dense bone, forming the external layer of all bones and providing support for weight bearing
74
Cancellous Bone
Spongy bone, provides strength against stress
75
Five bone types
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
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Ligaments
Tissues anchoring bone to bone
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Synarthrodial Joints
Joints that don't move
78
Synovial (Diarthrodial) Joint
Most common type of joint. Enclosed by joint capsule, lined with synovial membrane, filled with fluid, covered with cartilage.
79
Amphiarthrodial Joints
Joints with limited movement that are held together by ligaments or fibrocartilage
80
Synovial Membrane
Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint to reduce friction
81
Arthrodial (Plane) Joint
Synovial joint. Gliding and sliding movements. (carpal bones)
82
Ginglymus (Hinge) Joint
Synovial joint. Uniaxial movements (elbow and knee)
83
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joint
Synovial joint. Biaxial. (wrist)
84
Sellar (Saddle) Joint
Synovial joint. Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition. (thumb)
85
Enarthrodial (Ball-and-Socket) Joint
Synovial Joint. Multiaxial joint that permits movements in all directions. (shoulder, hip)
86
Trochoidal (Pivot) Joint
Synovial joint. Uniaxial joint that permits limited rotation (proximal radioulnar, neck)
87
Open Chain Movement
Joint movement in which the distal segment of the joint is moving (leg extension machine exercise)
88
Closed Chain Movement
Joint movement in which the distal segment of the joint is fixed (standing squats)
89
Open Pack Position
Joint position when there is the most looseness
90
Closed Pack Position
Joint position when there is the most tightness
91
Range of Motion (ROM)
Degree of movement of a joint.
92
Hypermobile Joints
Joints with excessive ROM
93
Hypomobile Joints
Joints with restricted ROM
94
Skeletal Muscles
Responsible for moving the skeletal system and stabilizing the body
95
Tendons
Dense cords of connective tissue that attach a muscle to the bone
96
Aponeurosis
Flat, broad tendons
97
Parallel Muscle
Muscle with long fibers arranged parallel to each other.
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Pennate Muscle
Muscle that attaches to its tendon at an angle.
99
Fusiform
Muscles with parallel arrangement and spindle shaped, tapering at each end
100
Quadrate
Four-sided, flat muscles with parallel arrangement
101
Fan-shaped (triangular)
Parellel muscles that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other
102
Unipennate
Pennate muscle with fibers on only one side of the tendon
103
Bipennate
Pennate muscle with fibers on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon
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Multipennate
Pennate muscle with multiple rows and a central tendon branching into two or more tendons
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Uniarticular
Muscles that cause movement at one joint
106
Biarticular
Muscles that cause movement at two joints
107
Multiarticular
Muscles that cause movement at more than two joints
108
Origin
End of the muscle that is fixed during joint movement.
109
Insertion
End of the muscle that moves during joint movement.
110
Agonist or Prime Mover
Muscles that cause motion
111
Antagonist
Muscles that relax to permit the primary movement
112
Synergist
Muscle that assists another muscle to accomplish a movement.
113
Co-Contraction
Simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist
114
Thoracic Cage
Rib cage
115
Joint
Connection between two or more bones, especially one that allows motion.
116
Belly
Bulging, central part of a muscle.
