Chapter #1-3 Flashcards
Terms
1
Q
Communication
A
an exchange of ideas between an encoder and a decoder
2
Q
Speech Sciences
A
study of speech production; includes anatomy, physiology, acoustics and perception
3
Q
Anatomy
A
STRUCTURE of an organism
4
Q
Physiology
A
FUNCTION of an organism
5
Q
Speech Systems
A
anatomical systems of the body that are involved in speech production
6
Q
Nervous System
A
brain & spinal cord; makes up central nervous system
7
Q
Respiratory System
A
involved in speech & breathing, provides power to produce speech by inflating lungs
8
Q
Phonatory System
A
how we produce sounds; voice; larynx, vocal folds, hyoid bone & cartilages
9
Q
Larynx
A
protective component for our respiratory system
10
Q
Aspiration
A
anytime anything goes into the lungs can cause this
11
Q
Vocal Folds
A
vibrate due to power generated by respiratory system; vibrates many different ways to determine pitch, loudness and quality
12
Q
Articulatory & Resonatory System
A
filters speech sounds; made of pharynx, nasal cavity, soft palate, oral cavity, and lips
13
Q
Anatomical Planes
A
coronal (frontal) plane, saggital plane, transverse plane
14
Q
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
A
down the center; splits front and back, splits arms in half, would cut butt of from the rest
15
Q
Saggital Plane
A
view from side; splits between boobs, legs, shoulder blades
16
Q
Transverse Plane
A
view from top; splits in half, top half head/chest/belly, bottom half legs & butt
17
Q
Lateral
A
outside; eye is more lateral than nose
18
Q
Anterior
A
view from front; looking at belly button
19
Q
Posterior
A
view from back; looking at back & butt
20
Q
Inferior
A
down; feet
21
Q
Superior
A
up; head
22
Q
Proximal
A
near
23
Q
Distal
A
far
24
Q
Medial
A
middle
25
Rostral
towards head; from back of head towards forehead
26
Caudal
towards tail; from forehead to back of head
27
Superficial
surface/outside; like a cat scratch
28
Deep
more inside; like a stab wound
29
Ipsilateral
same side
30
Contralateral
opposite side: like brain controlling opposite sides (left brain right side - right brain left side)
31
Ventral
toward the belly
32
Dorsal
toward the back (dorsal fin)
33
Prone
laying on belly
34
Supine
laying on back (think chiropractor table)
35
Flexion
bringing things together (pose with foot by ankle)
36
Extension
pulling things apart (extending foot; pointing toe)
37
Organs
collection of tissue that performs a certain function
38
Epithelial Tissue
PROTECTS! most superficial outer layer; protection, secretion and stabilization
39
Simple Epithelial Tissues
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo stratified, and cilated
40
Squamous
single layer of flat cells
41
Cuboidal
cube shaped; usually involved in secretion
42
Columnar
single layer cylindrical cells in digestive system
43
Columnar *Pseudo Stratified
nuclei in different places, looks complex but is not
44
Cilated
cylindrical cells plus little hairs; in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and bronchi
45
Complex Epithelial Tissue
stratified
46
Stratified
flattened cells usually sits on columnar cells
47
Basement Membrane (Base Plate)
all types of epithelial tissue where everything else grows from; predominately made of collagen
48
Basal Layer
stratified have basal layer as first layer
49
Connective Tissue
stabilize & provide structure
50
Loose Connective Tissue
elastic & fatty; made of adipose; between muscle and organs and keeps organs separate from muscles
51
Dense Connective Tissue
tendons, ligaments, fascia, fibers
52
Special Connective Tissue
lymphoid, cartilage, bones, blood
53
Lymphoid
portion of immune systems in lymphnodes; lymphatic system
54
Cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage
55
Hyaline
replace bone where elasticity is more beneficial; ribcage, bronchi, nasal
56
Fibrocartilage
flexible and shock absorbing; specifically form intervertibral discs and knee joints
57
Bones
rigid support structure; 30% collagen; lots of compressive strength (bc calcium)
58
Blood
fluid
59
Tendons
always binds muscle to something
60
Ligaments
always connects bone & cartilage
61
Fascia
sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue; tight; helps stabilize organs or muscles
62
Fibers
collaginous and elastic
63
Muscle Tissue
specialized contractile tissue; 3 types - striated, smooth and cardiac
64
Striated
under a microscope looks striped, all of skeletory bones, helps with voluntary movements
65
Smooth
sheet like muscles involved in voluntary movement; also in digestive tract
66
Cardiac
muscle that makes up heart; made of striated and smooth tissue; involuntary movement
67
Interneuron
neuron to neuron
68
Motor Neuron
neuron to muscle
69
Sensory Neuron
sensory receptor connected to neural structure
70
Tissue Aggregate
group of tissue
71
Joints
bone to bone, cartilage to bone, cartilage to cartilage
72
Nervous Tissue
highly specialized; main purpose is for communication
73
Neurons
nerve cell in nervous tissue found in brain; main job to communicate
74
Fibrous
immobile
75
Cartilaginous
limited movement; important for respiration
76
Hinge Joint
synovial joint; only flexion/extension; only 1 direction like a hinge
77
Synovial
highly mobile
78
Condylar Joint
shallow ball and socket with limited movement
79
Pivot Joint
allows head rotation from left to right
80
Saddle Joint
allows for sliding and rocking of arytenoid cartilages
81
Muscles
contract up to a third when stimulated; have own nerves and blood supplies
82
Extensibility
ability of muscle tissue to stretch without damaging
83
Vertebral Column
33 bones; houses spinal cord
84
Bony Thorax
everything ribs
85
Vertebra
bones in spine; where ribs attach like a lock and key
86
Vertebral Column #
12 thoracic vertebral bones, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
87
Intervertebral Discs
allow column to move & be flexible
88
Ribs
12 bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae
89
Trachea
primary breathing tube made of 16/20 rings of hyaline cartilage
90
Bronchial Tree
14 generations on the left, 28 on the right bc heart
91
Alveoli
little air sacs; location of gas exchange in lungs; 300 million and each one has 200 capilaries attached
92
Lungs
two cavities where respiration/breathing occurs, 3 lobes on right 2 lobes on left
93
Ribs #
top 7 are true ribs, 3 are false ribs, 2 are floating ribs
94
Negative Pressure
causes air molecules to ENTER area ~ AIR IN
95
Positive Pressure
causes air molecules to leave area ~ AIR OUT
96
PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE INVERSELY RELATED
PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE INVERSELY RELATED
97
Recoil Forces
a positive force of respiration that drives the lungs & thorax to their balanced level
98
Pleural Linkage
lungs are connected to thorax by region of NEGATIVE pressure
99
Boyle's Law
when volume goes up, the pressure goes down; when pressure goes up, volume goes down
100
Diaphragm
dome shaped; when diaphragm contracts, central tendon is pulled down toward abdominal cavity & gives lungs room to expand
101
Primary Muscles of INSPIRATION
diaphragm, external intercostals
102
Secondary Muscles of INSPIRATION
levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior, lattisumus dorsi, sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, subclavius, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus antirior & posterior superior
103
Secondary Muscles of INSPIRATION Jobs
INSPIRATORY MUSCLES; lifts the ribs; only used during exercise
104
Primary Muscles of EXPIRATION
internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominus
105
Secondary Muscles of EXPIRATION
trasnverse thoracis, subcostals, quadratus, latissimus dorsi
106
BREATHING IN; NEGATIVE PRESSURE
BREATHING OUT; POSITIVE PRESSURE
107
EXHALE; PRESSURE UP
INHALE; PRESSURE DOWN
108
Steps of Inspiration
1. diaphragm moves down to increase volume 2. external intercostals 3. when muscles contract, increases lung volume (neg pressure) 4. bc negative pressure, air flows into lungs through airway 5. once you've breathed in the pressure in lungs equal to outside body
109
Steps of Expiration
1. relaxation of inpiratory muscle creates passive forces 2. passive forces decrease lung volume (pos pressure) 3. if more insp. needed, exp. muscles contract creating positive pressure 4. pos pressure moves air from lungs to outside 5. once all air is out, pressure in lungs is equal to outside
110
Respiration
exchange of gas - oxygen for carbon dioxide in alveoli
111
Passive Forces
quiet respiration
112
Active Forces
use muscular effort to push just beyond what passive forces can do alone
113
Recoil Forces #
elasticity, gravity, torque
114
Elasticity
tendency for objects to return to normal state
115
Gravity
when sitting upright gravity pushed on rib cage reduces volume
116
Torque
twisting force that tends to cause rotation
117
Tidal Volume (TV)
volume of air that is actually inhaled & exhaled during breathing
118
Inpiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be inhales beyond given inpiratory level
119
Residual Volume (RV)
amount of non usuable air left in lungs after expiration; keeps lungs from collapsing
120
Capacity
combination of volumes
121
Vital Capacity (VC)
maximum usable amount of air that can be in & exhaled
122
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
volume of air remaining in body after passive exhalation
123
Resting Expiratory Level (REL)
relaxed volume when body at rest' 38-40% vital capacity
124
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
sum of all volumes
125
Inspiratory Capacity
maximum amount of air that you can inhale past FRC; *IC = TV + IRV*
126
FRC = ERV + RV
FRC = ERV + RV
127
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be exhaled beyond a given expiratory level
128
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
maximum amount of air that you can inhale past functional residual capacity
129
Intraoral Pressure
pressure within oral cavity
130
Subglottal Pressure
air built up immediately below vocal folds
131
Alveolar Pressure
pressure in the alveoli; above some of subglottal pressure
132
Pleural Pressure
pressure in the intrapleural space; is ALWAYS NEGATIVE; helps think thorax to the lungs
133
Relaxation Pressure Curve
pressure in lungs that is generated by physical restoring forces in the body across the full range of vital capacity `
134
Relaxation Pressure Curve Detail
NOT MUSCULAR; *greater you stretch something the greater the force to hold it there*
135
When Positive Pressure Curve...
...governed by muscle cartilage & lung tissue recoil
136
Lower End of Pressure Curve...
...air in
137
Higher End of Pressure Curve...
...relaxation & air out
138
High Lung Volume...
...recoil force will cause volume to decrease & allows lung pressure to go up; inverse relationship with low lung volume
139
Net Inspiratory Force
subglottal pressure used for speech is created by contraction of inspiratory muscles
140
Net Expiratory Force
subglottal pressure used for speech is created by contraction of expiratory muscles
141
Checking Action
holding breath; when we use muscular force to counteract relaxation forces at high vital capacity
142
Subglottal Pressure
relaxation pressure + muscular pressure = subglottal pressure
143
If Relaxation Pressure 40 & H2O is 6
difference is 34
144
Normal Convo
5 subglottal pressure
145
If You Have 5 Subglottal and 20 Relaxation
need -15
146
Higher Capacity
positive pressure
147
Lower Capacity
negative pressure
148
When Relaxation Pressure > Subglottal
use inspiratory muscles
149
When Relaxation Pressure < Subglottal
use expiratory muscles
150
Inspiratory Muscles *Pressure
negative
151
Expiratory Muscles *Pressure
positive
