Chapter 1 Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
Neutral spine
A
Small lordotic curve at base of neck
Small kyphotic at middle back
Small lordotic at low back
1
Q
Osteopenia
A
Bone mineral density lower then normal peak bed but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis
2
Q
Kyphosis
A
Convex (outward) curvature of upper spine (hunchback)
3
Q
Lordosis
A
Anterior curvature of the spine causing a swayback appearance
4
Q
Radial deviation
A
Hand moves towards thumb bending at wrist in frontal plane
5
Q
Rotation
A
The turning if a structure around it’s long axis
6
Q
Horizontal adduction
A
Movement towards the midline in the transverse plane
7
Q
Horizontal abduction
A
Movement away from the midline in the transverse plane
8
Q
Depression
A
Inferior movement of the bone
9
Q
Elevation
A
Superior movement of the bone
10
Q
Eversion
A
Ankle- plantar surface faces laterally
11
Q
Pronation
A
Unique rotation of the forearm crossing radius and ulna. Palm faces posterior
12
Q
Superficial
A
Shallow proximity in relation to the surface
13
Q
Lateral
A
Situated it extending away from the midline of the body
14
Q
Proximal
A
Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin
15
Q
Medial
A
At in it near the center
16
Q
Posterior
A
Behind/back
17
Q
Anterior
A
Front
18
Q
Distal
A
Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin
19
Q
Midaxillary line
A
Perpendicular line downward from apex of the axilla
20
Q
Anterior anxillary line
A
Crease of the Scilla (underarm)
21
Q
Contra lateral
A
Opposite sides of the body
22
Q
Midline
A
Cuts you into left and right sides
23
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On/relating to same sides of the body
24
Anatomical position
Facing forward, feet parallel, arms addicted and supinated, palms forward
25
Internal rotation
Hip/shoulder- bone rotated towards the body
26
External rotation
Bone (at shoulder or hip) is rotated away from body in anatomical position
27
Ulnar deviation
In anatomical position, hand moves medically toward little finger in frontal plane like an upside down wave at the wrist
28
Adduction
Movement toward midline
29
Inversion
Ankle- plantar faces medially
30
Abduction
Movement away from midline
31
Dorsi flexion
Ball of foot towards shin
32
Retraction
Movement back to anterior position
33
Flexion
To bend. Hinge joints- bones move closer
| Ball and socket- limb moves anterior to midaxillary line
34
Supination
Rotation of forearm
| Radius/ulna uncross. Palms face anteriorly
35
Deep
Deep
36
Protraction
Movement of a structure towards the anterior surface in a straight horizontal line
37
Lateral flexion
Spinal movement to the left or right occurs at the neck and trunk
38
Extension
To straighten
Hinge joints move away from each other
Ball and socket joint- limb moves posterior to midaxillary line
39
Teres minor
Above trees major, posterior, low portion of shoulder girdle
40
Teres major
Low part of shoulder girdle, posterior
41
Posterior pelvic tilt
Butt-wink, bee sting
42
Anterior pelvic tilt
Booty pop
43
Intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilaginous disc cushion between vertebrae
44
Plantar flexion
Foot towards plantar surface
45
Osteoporosis
Irreversible decrease in mineralized bone tissue
46
Appositional growth
Growth by addition of new layers on top of existing layers of mineral. Rigid bony growth
47
Endochondral
Process of bone function whereby cartilage model is replaced by bone
48
Tropomyosin
Muscle proteins that bind to actin and troponin, and regulate the interaction of actin and myosin
49
Troponin
A protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Relays calcium sensitivity to muscle cells.
50
Sarcomere
Smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber, composed of contractile filaments
51
Neuromuscular junction
Where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles
52
Action potential
Wave like change in electrical properties of a cel membrane, resulting from difference in electrical charge between inner and outer sides of membrane, causing muscle cell to contract
53
Endomysium
The fire connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber
54
Sarcolemma
A thin polarized membrane enclosing a striated muscle fiber
55
T-tubules
Tubule that passes transverse from sarcolemma across mood until, allows depolariZation of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell
56
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Storage for calcium within skeletal muscle. Surrounds each individual muscle fiber
57
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels throughout the body connecting arteries to veins- distribute oxygen, remove waste
58
Skeletal muscle
Striated muscle, movement
59
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates
60
ATP
| Adenosine triphosphate
Major energy source within a cell
| Drives muscle contractions/ protein synthesis
61
Cross bridge
Myosin head that projects from thick filament and binds to thin filament in the presence of calcium ions
62
Complete tetanus
Sustained muscle contraction due to repeated stimulation at a frequency which prevents relaxation
63
Muscle tone
Unconscious nerve impulses that maintain the muscle in a partially contracted state
64
Muscle spindles
Specializeduscle structure sends proprioceptive info about the muscle to central nervous system in response to muscle stretching
65
Golgi tendon organs
Kinesthetic receptors situated near junction of upscale fibers and tendons which act as muscle tension regulators
66
Concentric contraction
Muscles contract with enough force to overcome a resistive force and contract
67
Eccentric contraction
When resistive force is greater then force applied by the muscle so the muscle lengthens
68
Isometric contractions
Static contraction. Doesn't move
69
Type 2b fibers
Largest diameter muscle fiber
| Anaerobic metabolism greatest maximum tension
70
Type 2a fibers
Large diameter muscle fiber
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
High max tension
71
Type 1 fibers
Smaller diameter muscle fiber
Aerobic metabolism
Lower maximum tension
72
Myoglobin
Oxygen transporting protein of muscle (resembling blood hemoglobin function)
73
Endocrine system
Body control system of glands, produce chemical regulatory hormones
74
Distress
Negative stress
75
Eustress
Positive stress beneficial to health
76
Hormone receptors
Receptor protein of cell that binds to a specific hormone
77
Target cell specificity
Hormones only influence cells with the right receptors
78
Steroid
Biochemical lipids soluble in organic solvents (oils) slightly soluble in water
79
Polypeptide
Small protein 10-100 amino acids in length
80
Lipids
Organic molecules including fats, oils and waxes
81
Ribosomes
Convert genetic info to protein molecules
82
Hypertrophy
Increase in organ size to due increase in cell size, most often seen In muscle
83
Androgenic hormone
Steroid hormone such as test or androsterone that controls development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
84
DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone
| Steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands
85
Androstenediol
Unsaturated steroidal derivative of androstene
86
Androstenedione
Unsaturated androgenic steroid, less potent then testosterone
87
Gynecomastia
Bitch tits
88
Insulin
Hormone made by pancreas to control blood glucose
89
Glucagon
Any naturally occurring amine neurotransmitter/hormone, like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
90
Adrenocortical hormones
Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex including cortisol, aldosterone, and corticosterone
91
Nitrogen balance
Nitrogen take into the body vs
| Nitrogen secreted
