Chapter 1 Flashcards

Question

Scientific method

Answer 1

Certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions

Answer 2

Bacon / process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions

Answer 3

Investigator asks a Q. and forms a hypothesis (must be: 1. consistent with what is already known 2. capable of being tested (falsifiability means being able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong))

Answer 4

``` Sample size: adequate # of subjects Controls: ctrl vs Tx group Psychosomatic effects: placebos Experimenter bias: double-blind method so no interference Statistical Testing:how much diff.=valid ```

Answer 5

Info that can be independent. verified by any trained person ... Ex. Iron deficiency leads to anemia

Answer 6

Generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.

Answer 7

Explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

Answer 8

Looking at the body's appearance, sometimes to diagnose.

Answer 9

1809-82 / On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection'59 / The Descent of Man '71

Answer 10

Change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

Answer 11

Principal theory of how evolution works: survival of the fittest

Answer 12

Natural forces that promote the success of some individuals more than others: climate, predators, disease, competition, availability of food

Answer 13

Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment

Answer 14

Single, complete individual

Answer 15

A group of organs with a unique, collective function. 11 in the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and Reproductive systems.

Answer 16

Structure composed of 2+ tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.

Answer 17

Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue

Answer 18

Smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive/ enclosed in a plasma membrane (lipids and proteins).

Answer 19

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Ex: mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes (membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes to break down other things)

Answer 20

Largest Molecules (2+ atoms) such as proteins, fats, and DNA

Answer 21

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its similar components

Answer 22

The complementary theory to reductionism, stating that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts.

Answer 23

Feeling a structure with the hands

Answer 24

Living things exhibit I much higher order of organization than the non-living things around.

Answer 25

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Answer 26

Living things take in molecules and chemically change them into things that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them energy; consists of Anabolism (simple --> complex) and Catabolism (complex breaking down).

Answer 27

Metabolism requires excretion

Answer 28

Ability to sense and react to stimuli / responsiveness, irritability, or excitability.

Answer 29

Relatively stable internal conditions

Answer 30

1) differentiation: transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells committed to a particular task 2) growth

Answer 31

Living things reproduce.

Answer 32

Genetic change from generation to generation b/c of mutations

Answer 33

Brain Waves within 24 hours Reflexes Respiration Heartbeat other than provided by life support

Answer 34

1813-78 / French physiologist / realized the fact of homeostasis

Answer 35

1871-1945 / American physiologist / coined the term homeostasis

Answer 36

Internal state of the body / balanced charge / in which there is a certain Set Point or average value for a given variable (37• C) and conditions slightly fluctuate

Answer 37

Body senses a change in homeostasis and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. / often in feedback loops Example: vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Answer 38

Receptor: senses change in the body Integrating (control) center: processes info, compares it to other information, and makes a decision Effector: cell or organ that carries out the correction

Answer 39

Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction/ normal way of producing rapid change. Ex: woman going into labor

Answer 40

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temp, or other variable between one point and another Easily flows down gradient Takes energy to flow up the gradient

Answer 41

Terms coined from the names of people

Answer 42

Concentration Electrical Thermal

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)