Chapter 1-4

Question 1

Characteristics of the Objectives

Answer 1

Simple
Measurable
Attainable
Resource-based
Time-bound

Question 2

Types of Errors

Answer 2

Type I Error, Type II Error

Question 3

This is false rejection. This rejects the null hypothesis when in fact is true.

Answer 3

Type I Error

Question 4

This is false acceptance. This is accepting the null hypothesis when actually it is wrong.

Answer 4

Type II Error

Question 5

An assumption about population parameters.

Answer 5

Statistical hypothesis

Question 6

A portion of a population in which the researcher can measure.

Answer 6

Sample

Question 7

An unknown value that is never precisely determined which is a collective measure that describes a population in some manner.

Answer 7

Parameter

Question 8

The totality of the subject to be studied by the researcher.

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

Tools developed for the statistical analyses of the data or information.

Answer 9

Statistical tools

Question 10

A negative premise denotes as H0. States that there is no significant difference between the treatments tested.

Answer 10

Null hypothesis

Question 11

This denoted H1. It is stated that “there is a difference between the treatments tested.

Answer 11

Alternative hypothesis

Question 12

Conditions essential for an adequate hypothesis.

Answer 12

1.) Must possess sufficient clarity.
2.) Must be adequate to explain the phenomena.
3.) Should be a reliable means for the prediction of other facts beyond those already known.
4.) Should be as simple as possible and still be adequate.

Question 13

A valid research must test an ________.

Answer 13

Adequate hypothesis

Question 14

The researcher must be as ________ as possible and must base his conclusions on the data or observations gathered and analyzed.

Answer 14

Objective

Question 15

___________ operate together to formulate and prove the hypothesis.

Answer 15

Deduction & Induction

Question 16

_________ a tentative answer to a problem, a prerequisite for effective controlled observation, and occurs in both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Answer 16

Hypothesis

Question 17

A process of reasoning whereby the mind starts from one or more propositions and passes to another proposition(s) , the truth of which is believed to imply by that of the former.

Answer 17

Inference

Question 18

Inferences may be ___________.

Answer 18

Inductive or Deductive

Question 19

Making a general statement first then looking for specific observations to support the general statement.

Answer 19

Deductive

Question 20

The conclusion and the process of reasoning taken together which moves from general to specific.

Answer 20

Deductive

Question 21

The _______ method of reasoning is the making of generalities based on specific observations.

Answer 21

inductive

Question 22

The kind of inference wherein the researcher moves from the “unknown” to “known” and is aided by statistical tools to estimate the level of confidence

Answer 22

Inductive

Question 23

It is based on incomplete evidence because it is impossible to study all the cases or subjects of the type of phenomenon under investigation.

Answer 23

Induction

Question 24

It is a condition, event, or circumstance of some type that exists prior to some other event or phenomenon of another type.

Answer 24

Antecedent

Question 25

_____ is the event of the second type or dependent variable or outcome.

Answer 25

Effect

Question 26

It is the cause or event of the first or independent variable.

Answer 26

Antecedent

Question 27

____________ are “raw” perceptions by the five senses.

Answer 27

Observation

Question 28

Types of Observation

Answer 28

Bare and Controlled

Question 29

Are phenomena under investigation generally not subject to control.

Answer 29

Bare Observations

Question 30

The subject matter under investigation can be manipulated under regulated conditions.

Answer 30

Controlled Observations

Question 31

_____ can be looked upon as systematized knowledge or the procedure by which knowledge is acquired.

Answer 31

Science

Question 32

___ is a concise statement that summarizes a collection of facts. This is the generality being aspired for when conducting a research.

Answer 32

Law

Question 33

______ is a hypothesis relatively well-verified and which possess a useful degree of generality.

Answer 33

Theory

Question 34

_______ a tentative explanation for observed phenomena.

Answer 34

Hypothesis

Question 35

______ is a tool of research that harmonizes the design of the study and the analyses of the data or observations gathered.

Answer 35

Statistics

Question 36

___________ is a systematic collection, classification and analysis of data.

Answer 36

Scientific method

Question 37

___________ involves experimentation and survey investigations.

Answer 37

Scientific method

Question 38

This includes the meaning of the facts, their interrelation, and their relation to the existing body of knowledge.

Answer 38

Reasoning

Question 39

This is the raw knowledge of certain facts obtained through sense-perception.

Answer 39

Observation

Question 40

_______ is a continuous search of knowledge and understanding

Answer 40

Research

Question 41

As much as possible research must be _______.

Answer 41

scientific

Question 42

Sources of variation in greenhouse experiments.

Answer 42

1. Temperature gradients 2. Shading effects 3. Moisture differentials 4. Pot-to-pot variation

Question 43

Sources of variation in field experiments.

Answer 43

1. Plant-related variation 2. Variations due to seasons 3. Soil heterogeneity

Question 44

The research problems most adapted to greenhouse experiments are:

Answer 44

1. Plant disease investigations; 2. Residual effects of crops; 3. Fertilizer experiments; 4. Resistance of plants to low or high temperatures; 5. Studies of moisture or light relationships to plant growth or disease incidence.

Question 45

________ is the failure of repeated observations under similar conditions to be identical.

Answer 45

Experimental error

Question 46

__________ are conducted to test the hypothesis or sometimes referred to as tools to test the hypothesis.

Answer 46

Experiments

Question 47

This refers to separate component errors of repeated experiments or chance fluctuations which are either positive or negative.

Answer 47

Random errors

Question 48

This refers to the algebraic sum of the component error.

Answer 48

Expected errors

Question 49

Types of experiments

Answer 49

Classical and Scientific experiments

Question 50

This is an experiment carried out by the researcher who carefully selects experimental materials, manages the practices of the experiment, and draws conclusions directly from the experimental records without using statistical concepts.

Answer 50

Classical experiment

Question 51

Statistical methods are used not only for experimental data analysis but also for the designing of the lay-out of the experiment.

Answer 51

Scientific experiment

Question 52

It is the variability among the results or observation of the same treatment in different replication.

Answer 52

Experimental error

Question 53

The selection of the level of probability/significance to use depends upon the following factors:

Answer 53

1.) The nature of the study or the experiment. 2.) Possible economic relationship from the research. 3.) The number of replications used.

Question 54

A procedure of sampling done when the researcher seeks for samples needed or desired.

Answer 54

Purposive sampling

Question 55

This gives for a valid estimate of experimental error and minimize bias in the results.

Answer 55

Randomization.

Question 56

Repeating the set of treatments to be compared as many times as possible.

Answer 56

Replication

Question 57

A variation in field experiments caused by genetic differences in plants.

Answer 57

Plant variability

Question 58

Refers to the plot layout for plant experiments, or the arrangement of treatments assigned to cages for animal experiments.

Answer 58

Experimental design

Question 59

Basic Principles of Experimental Design:

Answer 59

1. Randomization 2. Replication 3. Local control