Chapter 1-4

Question 1

Voluntary Response Sample

Answer 1

Participants decide if they want to be included

Question 2

Convenience Sample

Answer 2

Participants are chosen to participate based on easy to reach and readily available

Question 3

Statistical Significance

Answer 3

Is achieved in a study if the likelihood of an event occurring by chance is 5% or less.

Question 4

Practical Significance

Answer 4

It is possible some treatment or finding is effective but common sense might suggest that the treatment to findings do not make enough of a difference to justify its use or to be practical.

Question 5

Parameter

Answer 5

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

Question 6

Statistic

Answer 6

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

The complete collection of all measurements or data that is being considered.

Question 8

Sample

Answer 8

A sub collection of members selected from a population

Question 9

Discret Data

Answer 9

Results when the data values are quantitive and the number of values is finite or countable

Question 10

Continuous Data

Answer 10

Results from infinitely many possible quantitive values, where the collection of values is not countable.

Question 11

Nominal Level

Answer 11

Characterized by data that consists of names, labels is categories only. Survey responses are yes, no, and maybe
EX: Independent, Democrat, Republican
Drivers License Number
Social Security
Jersey numbers

Question 12

Ordinal Level

Answer 12

Involves data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values cannot be determined or is meaningless.
EX:
Gold Silver Bronze
A,B,C,D or F

Question 13

Interval Level

Answer 13

Involves data that can be arranged in order, and the differences between data values can be found and are meaningful. However there is no natural zero.
EX:
Years
SAT Scores
IQ

Question 14

Experiment

Answer 14

Apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on individuals.

Question 15

Ratio Level

Answer 15

Involves data that can be arranged in order, and the differences between data can be found and are meaningful. There is however a natural zero.
EX:
Height
Weight

Question 16

Observational Study

Answer 16

Observe and measure specific characteristics without attempting to modify the individuals being studied.

Question 17

Replication

Answer 17

Is the repetition of an experiment on more than one individual. Good use of replication requires sample size that are large enough so that we can see effects of the treatment.

Question 18

Systematic Sampling

Answer 18

Select some starting point and then select every kth element in population

Question 19

Random Sample

Answer 19

Has the weaker requirement that all members of the population have the same chance of being selected

Question 20

Cluster Sampling

Answer 20

Divide the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of those clusters, and chose all the members from those selected clusters.

Question 21

Stratified Sample

Answer 21

Subdivide the population in at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that the subjects within the same subgroup share the same characteristics. Then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum).

Question 22

Class Width

Answer 22

The difference between two consecutive lower class limits (or two consecutive lower class boundaries) in a frequency distribution
(maximum-minimum/number of classes)

Question 23

Class midpoints

Answer 23

The values in the middle of the classes. Each class midpoint can be found by adding the lower class limit to the upper class limit and dividing the sum by 2.

Question 24

Class boundaries

Answer 24

The numbers used to separate the classes, but without the gaps created by class limits

Question 25

Frequency Distribution

Answer 25

Shows how data are partitioned among several categories (or classes) by listing the categories along with the numbers (frequency) of data values in each of them.

Question 26

Normal Distribution

Answer 26

The frequencies start low, then increase to one or two high frequencies, and then decrease to a low frequency. The distribution is approximately symmetric; Frequencies preceding the maximum frequency should be roughly a mirror image of those that follow the maximum frequency.

Question 27

Histogram

Answer 27

A graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other (unless there are gaps in the data)

Question 28

Skewed to the right

Answer 28

Data that has a longer tail to the right

Question 29

Histogram (normal distribution)

Answer 29

The points are reasonably close to a straight-line pattern, and there is no other systematic pattern that is not a straight line pattern

Question 30

Skewed to the left

Answer 30

Data that has a longer tail to the left

Question 31

Median

Answer 31

The measure of the center that is in the middle value when the original data values are in order of increasing to decreasing.

Question 32

Mean

Answer 32

Is the measure of center founding by adding all the data values and dividing by the total number of values

Question 33

Mode

Answer 33

Is the values that occurs with the greatest frequency.

Question 34

Bimodal

Answer 34

When two data values occur with the same greatest frequency

Question 35

Multi-modal

Answer 35

When more than two data values occur with the same greatest frequency