Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
What is physiology?
The study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.
What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal.
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
What are the components of a feedback system?
Receptor, control center, effector.
What is negative feedback?
A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point (e.g., body temperature regulation).
What is positive feedback?
A mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s condition (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
What are the four major elements in the human body?
Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N).
What are atoms composed of?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak bond between two molecules involving a hydrogen atom.
What is pH?
A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration; ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.
What are the four major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
What is the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
What are the main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What are the organelles and their functions?
Nucleus: DNA; Mitochondria: ATP; Ribosomes: proteins; ER: proteins/lipids; Golgi: packages proteins; Lysosomes: break waste; Cytoskeleton: support/movement.
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across membranes without energy input (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy.
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands; closely packed cells.
What is the function of connective tissue?
Supports, protects, and binds other tissues; has cells, fibers, and ground substance.
