chapter 1,4,5,part of 6. Flashcards
The Importance of Botanical Knowledge
A. survey of modern plant biology (true plants + algae, DNA, cladestics (bar code).
B. connections to other revelant disciplines (pre-made).
C. enough depth to prepare students for upper division courses.
The importance of Plants
A. Earth is a green planet.
- plants absorb red and blue light. (Photosyntesis) - reflect green light.
- plants cover the earth.
The importance of Plants
B. Plants (green)
- photosynthetic organisms. from plants= CO2 + H2O –> red light/blue light O2 + sugar (fructose)
- rigid cellelose cell wall (O) inside plasma membrane. (polysaccaride)
- Multicellular, but fairly simple bodies (organs= stamen, leaf, pistol) Vascular tissue (phloem, xylem) like vains and arteries.
- true plants adapted to life on land, regulate water well= xylem transpiration (water transport)
- support tissue= cellulose wood
- temperature regulation= stoma (leafs)
- reproduce using spores(spore,seed) morphology, haploid-diploid ((mitosis)) haploid=spore. seeds=diploid
The importance of Plants
C. Plant Kingdom= Taxonomy=naming groups. taxa=name entity
related to plant morphology (reproduction, life cycle)
- trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses (about 300,000 species)
- PLANT LIKE ORGANISMS ARE ALSO STUDIED IN BOTANY
a) Fungi
b) some Protista (algae)
c) some Bacteria (cyanobacteria)
d) many are green (photosyntesis=autotrophs, some absorb food(heterotrophs, fungi)
e) can not regulate water, do not have support tissues
f) another one million species
The importance of Plants
D. Importance of plants and plant-like organisms (BOTANY)
- human food (agriculture=cotton, wood), fabric, shelter, medicine. 1/2 comes from plants 2% of the plants survey for medicines
- ecological services: atmospheric oxygen and organic nitrogen, inhibit erosion, control atmospheric temperature, cycle inorgaic nutrients, ultimate food for all organisms(food chain, primary producer).
- Wood age (lumber, fuel), secondary xylem, cellulose and ligmin
- human population growth often outstrips palnt resources degrading the environment (forest-habitat), and adversely effecting people
a) we continue to loose critical natural plant cover (deforestation, CO2 carbondioxide UP, desertication)
b) Barry Commoner (four environmental laws) 1962 Rachel Carson Oceanographer —silent spring—book - everything is connected to everything else (ecosystem)
- everything must go somewhere “away”space
- nature knows best
- there is no such thing as free lunch
c) conservation biology=new branch of biology based on ecology
The (powerful)Scientific Method
1600 Francis Bacon “English” “Knowledge is Power”
A. scientist use a common set of methods
B. (1)observations, (2)questions regarding a particular phenomenon.
C. (3)hypothesis formed to answer questions
D. predictions(power) based on hypothesis (valis), experiments test predictions= emperical methods 1. physical world, 2. falsitiable, 3. blind “I think, there fore I am” Rene Decartes
E. (4)a theory is a long standing(gravity), useful hypothesis
F. (5)principles (aka laws=math, physics) are universally valid explanations(law of thermodanamics. Reduction analysis.
G. publications of experimental methods and results helps eliminate bias (predesposition to not like something, public (publications)-peer reviewed.
H. technology(tools) is the application of information to industry
Studying plants from different perspectives
A. Plants are a product of 1)genetics and 2)environment
1) Plant genetics (plant evolution, plant taxonomy, plant systematics)
2) plant ecology (plant biogeography and paleoecology)
Studying plants from different perspectives
B. Metabolism (photosynthesis, trnsport, biosynthesis, hormones)
- plant physiology
- plant molecular biology
C. Plant morphology (development from single cell, life cycles)
D. plant anatomy (study of internal structure) microscoper
E. Microbiology(cyanobacteria), Phycology (algae), Mycology (fungi), Bryology (mass)
A brief survey of plant classification
A. Kingdoms, Domains, Divisions,and Clades (phylogeny)
- Robert Whittaker 1960, 5 Kingdoms=plants, fungi, bacteria, protista; assumes monophylogeny
- Cladistics=molecular characteristics (base segmen) bar codes
- Domains (3) 1. rRNA Eukaria, 2. Enbacteria, 3. Archea.
- Taxonomy
a) naming and categorizing organisms
b) Linnaean system(kingdom plants) (divisions(chordata), classes(mamal), orders(primate), families(homonidise), genera(homo), species(sapiens))
c) clades (groups) nested carnovars.
A brief survey of plant classification
B. (Domains), Bacteria and Archaea=monera, includes Photosynthetic Bacteria=cyanobacteria
- Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no organelles
- single, circular chromosome (DNA)
- no sexual reproduction (no miosis)
- Archaea
a) chemistry and habitat differ from bacteria (Eubacteria)
b) three groups (PROKARYOTES, BACTERIA=EUBACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA=PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND FIX NITROGEN) - Bacteria (Eubacteria)
a) occupy virtually all habitats (true bacteria=coli)
b) extremely important decomposers and pathogens - cyanobacteria (photosynthesis and fix nitrogen) “blue-green algae”–>not a true plant
A brief survey of plant classification
C. Kingdom Fungi
- nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes (have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and linear DNA)
- most reproduce sexually
- microscopic, filamentous= mycelium
- rigid cell wall of chitin=not cellulose
- important decomposers(soil, roots) nitrogen fixers=N2–>NH4, NO, and as pathogens
A brief survey of plant classification
D. Protists
- catch-all group(not a good group), mostly microscopic and aquatic(plasmodium blood parasite (malaria) 2. giardia.
- Eukaryotic-single cell
- Plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like protistants (slimemoldi)
- algae are important plant-like protistans
a) multicellular
b) photosynthetic
c) e.g. phytoplankton (base of the ocean food chain, produce 1/2 the atmospheres oxygen)
A brief survey of plant classification
E. Kingdom Plantae (true plants)
- mosses, ferns, pine trees, oak trees(gymmosperms), shrubs, vines, grasses(angiesperms), and broadleaved herbs.
- adapted to life on land (true plants)=xylem, cellulose, ligmin.
- most recent to appear
- eukaryotic
- enormous biomass=cellulose, primary producers
- complex biochemistry (accumulate starch, many types of chlorophyll, etc.)
- complex bodies (plant anatomy, (support, specialization (plant morphology), transport, etc.)
- ecology (base of terrestrial food chains, principle human crops, building material, clothing, medicines, beverages, etc.)
A chanllenge for the 21st century (secondary xylem)
A. plant ecology
B. distribution of plants, how plants deal with changing environments, habitat, land management, restoration, etc.
C. how can we continue to increase human populations and maintain natural biodiversity; and develop sustainable uses of forests, grasslands, and croplands? BIOMES
CHAPTER 4
Organization of the plant body
A. Plant anatomy (internal structure)
