Chapter 1-4 Review Questions Flashcards
Define : Anatomy
Deals with the structure of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called?
Define : Physiology
Studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work”
Define : Pathophysiology
How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.
Define : Comparitive Physiology
Physiology of Invertebrates
What is Homeostasis?
Process used by organisms to maintain fairly stable internal conditions
Example: The body’s ability to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 deg F, regardless of external temp.
What is negative feedback?
Action of the effector returns condition to set-point
Example 1: If a persons body was really cold, negative feedback would work in order to increase their temperature (shivering)
Example 2: If a persons body was really warm, negative feedback would work in order to decrease their temperature (sweating)
Positive Feedback
Amplifies change, could not work alone, but contributes to many negative feedback loops.
Example 1: If a blood vessel is damage, a process is begun to form a clot. Once the damage is fixed, clotting ends(negative feedback) However the process of forming the clot involves positive feedback.
Example 2: In females, positive feedback is used to relate the LH surge that causes ovulation.
Three Components of a Typical Homeostatic Mechanism?
Sensor - Detects the issue and sends information to the integrating center
Integrating Center - Determines the appropriate response and deploys the effector
Effector - Combats the issue most likely using negative feedback to return internal conditions to normal ranges
Define the following types of Homeostasis: Autoregulation (intrinsic), Extrinsic Regulation
Autoregulation : When a cell, tissue, organ, organ system adjusts automatically in response to environmental change.
Extrinsic Regulation : Adjustments made by either the nervous system or endocrine system
Describe the structure of an atom and its subatomic particles, what are the charges of each, what is the mass of each, and what is the function of each?
Atoms are composed of protons (+), neutrons (O), electrons (-). Proton mass = 1, Neutron Mass 1, Electron Mass = 0.
Proton Function : Identity
Neutron Function : Nuclear Stability
Electron Function : Bonding
What is the difference between an atom and an element, how are they related?
Elements are made up of atoms, while atoms are made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. They are related in the sense that elements consist of atoms, with the same number of protons in the nucleus.
What is an Ion?
A molecule with a + or - charge.
What is a Cation? Give two examples.
A molecule with a + charge.
Example : Calcium and Hydrogen
What is an Anion? Gives two examples
A Anion is a molecule with a - charge.
Examples : Phosphate, Sulfate
What is an isotope? Give an example.
Atoms of a single element with a different number of neutrons in the middle
Example : Carbon 12 and 14
Define : Atomic weight and Atomic Number
Atomic Weight = Mass of an Atom
Atomic Number = The average mass number of the isotopes
Can you determine the number of protons, electrons, neutrons from the atomic weight, atomic number?
Number of protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic Number
What is an energy level, what is the maximum number of electrons that each level can hold?
Energy Level is an electron’s orbit around the atom known as the electron shell. 1st shell can hold 2 electrons and shells 2 and 3 can hold 8 electrons each.
How do you determine if an atom is stable or unstable?
Stable atoms are atoms that have a maximum number of electrons in their outer shell. Unstable atoms are atoms with unfilled outer energy shells.
What is a chemical bond?
Chemical Bonds are interactions between unstable atoms that hold them together
What is a free radical?
Atom, molecule or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
What are the three types of chemical bonds? How are they formed ?
Ionic Bonds - Formed by attraction of + and - charges.
Covalent Bonds - Occur when atoms share valence electrons
Hydrogen Bonds - When H forms polar bonds with another item it takes on a slight + charge
Give an example of molecules that make each of the three bonds?
Ionic Bonds - NaCI
Covalent Bonds - Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Chlorine
Hydrogen Bond - Any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen or nitrogen.
What is meant by the products and reactants of a reaction? Be able to read a chemical reaction if written for you.
Reactant : Substance that is present in the beginning of a chemical reaction
Product : Substance that is present in the end of a chemical reaction
Describe PH, what is being measured?
Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions on a logarithmic scale (power of 10)
Acids have a PH < 7
Bases have a PH >7
Neutral = 7
What is an Acid? What is a base?
Acid - More hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
Base - More hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
What are buffers?
Molecules that slow changes in pH by either combining with or releasing H+s
What is meant by hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Hydrophobic -Insoluble in water
Hydrophilic - Tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
What is an organic molecule?
Those than contain carbon and hydrogen
What is meant by macromolecule
A very large molecule.
What are the four major bio molecules discussed in lecture?
Carbohydrates , Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
Describe the function of a functional group of an organic company?
Carbonyl Group - Forms ketones and aldehydes
Hydrolysis Group - Forms Alcohols
Carboxyl Group - Forms organic acids
Describe the following reactions: Dehydration, Hydrolysis, Condensation
Dehydration - Hydrogen is removed from a carbon (Iffy)
Hydrolysis - Occurs when H2O is split, H+ added to one monosaccharide, OH- to other
Condensation - Occurs by splitting water out of 2 monosaccharides. An H+ and OH- are removed, producing H2O.
What are Carbohydrates? (Be able to identify the structure of a carbohydrate).
Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ratio of CnH2nOn
What is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. What is the primary function of each in the body? (Such as glucose, maltose, glycogen).
Monosaccharide - Simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, galactose. Produce and store energy.
Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides joined covalently, Include : Sucrose , Lactose , Maltose. Energy source for the body.
Polysaccharide- Many monosaccharides linked together, include starch and glycogen, energy storage or structural support
What are Lipids? (Be able to identify the lipids discussed in class)
Consist of primarily non polar hydrocarbon chains and rings. (Hydrophobic) (Add onto this during the lecture video)
Describe triglycerides (glycerol, fatty acids, saturated vs unsaturated)
Triglycerides - Formed by condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Glycerol - Alcohol produced by the hydrolysis of triglycerides
Saturated - If hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are joined by a single covalent bonds
Unsaturated - If there are double bonds within hydrocarbon chains
What are phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids, and where are they found?
Phospholipids - Lipids that contain a phosphate group, found in the cell membrane. Prevent accumulation of fats in the liver
Glycolipids - Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a covalent bond found in the eukaryotic cellular membrane. Maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition.
Steroids - Nonpolar and insoluble in water, found in the cellular membrane/liver? Form and maintain cells and regulates membrane fluidity
What are micelles, why do they form in water?
Unit of structure built up from polymeric molecules or ions. Polar part interacts with water; non polar part is hidden in middle. (Iffy)
How are ketone bodies formed and why? How do they affect the blood pH?
Ketones are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the body’s fuel needs. High Ketone levels can lead to ketoacidosis which results in a drop in blood pH.
What is a protein:
100 or more amino acids bonded together
What is the general structure of an amino acid. Understand the generalized folding pattern of a protein (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure).
Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Primary - Sequence of amino acids
Secondary - Caused by weak H bonding of amino acids
Tertiary - Caused by bending and folding of polypeptide chains to produce 3-dimensional shape
Quaternary - Forms when a number of polypeptide chains are covalently joined.
What are enzymes?
Assist every chemical process in the body
What is the structure of ATP, DNA, and RNA
ATP - Adenine, Ribose Sugar, 3 serially bonded phosphate groups.
DNA - 2 strands of DNA twist to form a double helix. Deoxyribose sugar is covalently bonded to 1 of 4 bases : Guanine or adenine, cytosine or thymine. Chain is formed by sugar of 1 nucleotide bonding to phosphate of another.
RNA - Consists of a long chain of nucleotides joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds. Ribose sugar is bonded to 1 of 4 bases, Guanine or Adenine, Cytosine or Uracil. Single stranded.
What is the function of DNA, RNA and ATP?
DNA - Contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
RNA - Information for assembling a protein out of the nucleus and to actually assemble it.
ATP - Transfers energy from the breakdown of molecules in food to cell processes.
What is complementary base pairing?
Adenine pairs only with thymine; cytosine pairs only with guanine