Chapter 1

Question 1

___ is the study of dis-ease (suffering)

Answer 1

Pathology

Question 2

___ is the origin of disease: “why”

Answer 2

Etiology

Question 3

___ is the steps in development: “how”

Answer 3

Pathogenesis

Question 4

The two types of cellular adaptations to stress are ___ & ___

Answer 4

physiologic, pathologic

Question 5

Breast growth during pregnancy is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.

Answer 5

physiologic

Question 6

Streptococcal pharyngitis is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.

Answer 6

pathologic

Question 7

The 4 cellular adaptations to stress

Answer 7

Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Metaplasia

Question 8

The 2 types of cellular injury

Answer 8

Reversible, Irreversible

Question 9

Smoking causes a form of ___ cell injury

Answer 9

reversible

Question 10

Lung cancer causes a form ___ cell injury

Answer 10

irreversible

Question 11

___ is the term used to describe observable characteristics or traits

Answer 11

Phenotype

Question 12

___ is the term used to describe an increase in the size of a cell.

Answer 12

Hypertrophy

Question 13

Hypertrophy can result from ___ &/or ___

Answer 13

overloading, increase in growth factors

Question 14

Weight lifting would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation

Answer 14

physiologic

Question 15

Hypertension would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation in cardiac myocytes

Answer 15

pathologic

Question 16

___ is the term used to describe an increase in the number of cells

Answer 16

Hyperplasia

Question 17

Hyperplasia can result from ___ &/or ___ factors

Answer 17

hormonal, compensatory

Question 18

Female breast growth and liver response after partial donation, are both examples of ___ hyperplasia adaptations

Answer 18

physiologic

Question 19

Wart formation from human papillomavirus (HPV) is an example of a ___ hyperplasia adaptation

Answer 19

pathologic

Question 20

___ is the term used to describe a decrease in cell size

Answer 20

Atrophy

Question 21

Atrophy can result from ___, ___, ___, ___, &/or ___

Answer 21

disuse, denervation, ischemia, hormone imbalance, aging

Question 22

___ is the term used for the reversible replacement of 1 mature (differentiated/adult) cell type by another.

Answer 22

Metaplasia

Question 23

Injury occurs:
A) Once stressors exceed a cell’s ability to adapt
B) Once stressors directly induce abnormalities

Answer 23

Both A & B

Question 24

In ___ cell injury there is no damage to the cell membrane or nucleus.

Answer 24

reversible

Question 25

In ___ cell injury there is damage to the mitochondrial membranes. It may result in either necrosis or apoptosis.

Answer 25

irreversible

Question 26

___ is the term used for nuclear fading

Answer 26

Karyolysis

Question 27

___ is the term used for nuclear shrinkage

Answer 27

Pyknosis

Question 28

___ is the term used for nuclear fragmentation

Answer 28

Karyorrhexis

Question 29

In necrosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___

Answer 29

increased; dissoluted (karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis); dist

Question 30

In apoptosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___

Answer 30

decreased; fragmented into nucleosome size fragments; intact

Question 31

Morphologic patterns including: coagulative, gangrenous, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid, are indicative or which type of cell death?

Answer 31

Necrosis

Question 32

___ necrosis includes vascular occlusion & preserved tissue structure.

Answer 32

coagulative/ischemic

Question 33

___ necrosis includes gangrene (coagulative necrosis in an extremity).

Answer 33

Gangrenous

Question 34

___ necrosis includes completely digested dead cells, and WBC enzymes that produce a viscous liquid mass.

Answer 34

Liquefactive

Question 35

The most common type of infections causing liquefactive necrosis are: A) Bacterial B) Fungal

Answer 35

A) Bacterial

Question 36

___ necrosis is typical of tuberculosis infections

Answer 36

Caseous

Question 37

___ necrosis is characterized by localized fat destruction (i.e. acute pancreatitis, trauma to breast)

Answer 37

Fat

Question 38

___ necrosis includes autoimmune reactions and weakened blood vessels. It requires histologic examination

Answer 38

Fibrinoid

Question 39

The two pathways in apoptosis are ___ (intrinsic) and ___ (extrinsic). With the most common being ___

Answer 39

mitochondrial; death receptor; mitochondrial (intrinsic)

Question 40

Caspase ___ is related to the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis

Answer 40

9

Question 41

Caspase ___ is related to the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis

Answer 41

8

Question 42

___ is a lysosomal digestion of a cell's components. It is a survival mechanism during nutrient deprivation & is also a way to rid the cell of misfolded proteins.

Answer 42

Autophagy

Question 43

9 mechanisms of cellular injury

Answer 43

1. ATP depletion 2. Mitochondrial damage 3. Influx of calcium 4. Oxidative stress 5. Defects in membrane permeability 6. DNA & protein damage 7. Ischemia & hypoxic injury 8. Iscemia-reprofusion injury 9. Chemical (toxic) injury