Chapter 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Blank Slate
A
The idea that a newborn child’s mind is neither good nor bad but waiting to be written upon.
2
Q
Child-Centered
A
Thinking about children from the child’s perspective or with the child’s needs in mind.
3
Q
Child mortality
A
The death of infants and children under the age of five.
4
Q
Convention on the rights of the child
A
A United Nations document designed to promote the rights of children around the world.
5
Q
Culture
A
The way of life shared by members of society.
6
Q
Discipline
A
training in order to produce a specific outcome or pattern of behavior. Often, this involves some type of punishment.
7
Q
Adult-Centered
A
Thinking about children from the parent’s perspective or with the parent’s need in mind.
8
Q
Socialization
A
Process involved in teaching children skills, behaviors, values, and motivations necessary for competent functioning in a culture.
9
Q
Six Fundamental tasks of parenting
Bradley 2007
A
- Ensure safety and Sustenance
- Stimulating and instructing
- socioemotional support
- monitor/surveillance
- structure
- Social Connections
10
Q
Phillipe Aries
Book (1962) Centuries of Childhood
A
ideas about children change over time. Childhood today did not exist during the middle ages.
11
Q
Who came up with Adult Centered view of Children. Which began to change in the late 16th century
A
Phillip Aries
12
Q
Who examined children’s portraits from different time periods.
A
Phillip Aries
13
Q
St. Augustine
354-430 CE
A
Children were tainted by original sin.
-Children are born sinful like Adam and eve.
14
Q
Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778) Swiss, frenchman
A
Society corrupts the innocent nature of children.
Children are born innocent and amoral
15
Q
John Locke
(1632-1704)
English physician and philosopher
Manual: Some Thoughts Concerning Education
A
revolutionary impact on childrearing practices
- advocate for children are a blank slate
- promoted hardening practices: cold baths, light clothes for cold weather, no peaches, melons, or grapes
- Vegan during first 3 years of life.
16
Q
advocate for children are a blank slate
A
John Locke
17
Q
promoted hardening practices: cold baths, light clothes for cold weather, no peaches, melons, or grapes
A
John Locke
18
Q
Lloyd DeMause
(1975)
Researcher and writer for history of treatment of children
A
The further you go back in history the lower level of child care. The more likely children were to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorized, and sexually abused
19
Q
Who wrote about the history of mistreatment of children until more recently
A
Lloyd DeMause.
20
Q
John Wesley
(1703-1791)
Founder of Methodist Church
Englishman
A
Pronounced parental discipline essential for child’s development
- Followed mother Susannah Wesley’s rules
-establish daily routines from birth
-no snacking in between meals
-girls taught to read before they taught to do housework
-morality
-
21
Q
- Daily routines: from birth, girls taught to read before housework
- Morality: do not beat if they confess to misbehavior
- punishment: never allow sinful act to go unpunished
- Religion and Sin: Teach to pray as when they can speak, conquer child’s will
A
John Wesley
22
Q
Susannah Wesley
A
- mother of 19 only 9 survived past 2
- wrote letter to son John Wesley (1732) describing child bearing philosophy.
23
Q
John Calvin
(1509-1564)
French Protestant Religious Reformer
A
Children are by nature sinful and parents had the role of correcting this problem.
- Total depravity Concept
- children are born into sin and that human nature (without God) is destined for depravity
24
Q
children are born into sin and that human nature (without God) is destined for depravity
-children need to be reprimanded kindly so that children will cheerfully obey
A
John Calvin
25
Horace Bushnell
Congregationalist Minister in Connecticut
(1802-1876)
Children were born as formless lumps
-parents should provide good guidance
-
26
Children were born as formless lumps
Horace Bushnell
27
```
blank slate (1700's)
encouraged what parental behaviors
```
John Lock
reason with children rather than punish.
| The sooner you treat a boy like a man the sooner he will become a man.
28
Influential Childcare books and Authors
- Ancient Pediatric Prescriptions
- Luther Emmett Holt (1855-1924): The care and feeding of children
- Benjamin Spock (1903-1998): The common sense book of baby and child care.
29
Ancient Pediatrics Prescriptions
- Good Health: warm baths diluted in wine (460-370) Hippocrates
- Excessive Hair: rub body with powder of burned dry figs (527CE)
- Soothe teeth: smooth infants gums with hare brains (325 CE)
- Crying infant: drink of quietness boiled down black poppies
30
Physician who wrote the book: The Care and Feeding of Children (1894)
Luther Emmett Holt
31
Who wrote the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (in 1945)
50 million copies sold world wide
Benjamin Spock
32
Punishment
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
3 reasons spanking is bad
1. occurs after misbehavior
2. outlet for parental aggress
3. unlikely to be used scientifically
33
Who is the founding father of behaviorism
John B. Watson
34
Who favored physical punishment over sentimentality
G. Stanley Hall
35
Who was the first advocate for Breast feeding
Jean Jacques Rousseau
36
Greek Families
viewed children as innocent, loving happy and playful.
Punishment in a nurturing.
37
Modern child rearing resources
- over 42,000 books
- millions of internet articles
- television: educational shows, reality shows
- print media: dozens of parenting magazines
38
Who stated children should have total depravity
John Calvin
39
-Vegan during first 3 years of life.
John Locke
40
Parenting research began in
1920's
1930's
1940's
1920's
41
Freud
| Psychosexual theory
oral: birth to 12 months
anal: 12 months to 3 years
phallic: 3 to 6 years
42
John B. Watson
behaviorism
43
Brofenbrenner
Ecological Systems Theory
44
John Bowlby
| British psychologist
Attatchment theory created its central ideas and collaborated with mary aimsworth
45
Attatchement Theory
Understanding how love between a parent and child develops and affects development.
46
Anxious Resistant Attachment
| Attatchement Theory
don't warm up or ignore return when they come back.
47
Attatchement Theory
Core premise
parent child Attatchment= survival and competent offspring
```
Secure Attached
Insecurely Attached
Anxious Avoidant
Anxious Resistant
Disorganized
```
48
Freud
Oral: Birth to 12 months
Anal: (12 months to 3 years)
Phallic: (3-6 years)
49
Aristotle
Children are blank tablets
50
Lay Beliefs
Like father like son
51
Harry Harlow
Attatchement theory with Monkeys
52
1750 BCE first evidence of child rearing practice
Hammurabi clay tablets in Mesopotamia (Modern day Iraq)
282 codes or laws of conduct called Hammurabi
-Children were legally the property of their father
-son strikes father they will cut off fingers
-if someone steals they are put to death
53
Egypt (3000bce)
Parented in child centered way, reared with love, care, and enjoyment.
- breast fed until age 3
- age 5 or 6 prepared for adult occupation
54
Greeks (490 BCE)
enjoyed children
- child is unformed and impressionable
- inherited psychological and physical characteristics from parents
- viewed as innocent, loving, happy, and playful.
55
Romans (510 BCE)
Built upon greek philosophy
| -devoted to influencing: physical, moral, and intellectual development.
56
Mary Aimsworth
| Attatchement theory
Studied infant attachment
- what will children do when mom leaves room
- what is reaction when she comes back
57
Secure Attatchment
sad when parent leaves and happy when they come back, wanting to touch parent.
58
Insecure Attachment
40% of children
59
Anxious Attatchemnt
Don't warm up or ignore moms return.
60
Anxious Resistant
upset when mom leaves and are fine when moms back but doesn't want to be touched.
61
Disorganized attatchment
a mix of all
62
John B. Watson
| Behavioral theory
father of behaviorism
- environment was key, Nurture to the extreme
- Classical conditioning
63
B.F. Skinner
| Behaviorsim
Operant conditioning
| -Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
64
Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson
- neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimulus
- helped cure shyness
65
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
| Reinforcement of behavior
66
Evolution promotes survival
Babies distinctively born cute to promote parental care and investment
67
Genetics Theory
Genotype: genetic makeup
Phenotype: how genotype is expressed (looks, characteristics )
Twins will have same characteristics even though don't live together
-how does moms Tempermant affect baby in the womb
68
Passive Role
| Genetic Theory
Fewer toys more books, maybe an introvert
69
Active Role
| Genotype
Extrovert seeks others to play, drawn to large crowds
70
Evocative Role
| Genotype
Aggressive or impulsive children vs. calm child
hyper or calm which evokes parents reaction
71
Shared and non shared environment
all kids come out different.
72
Ecological Systems theory
| Urie Brofenbrenner
Microsystem: Mom, Dad, Teacher
Mesosystem: connections made in microsystem (dad yells, I yell)
Exosystem: Mom travels it affects me
Macrosystem: Media, cultural influence
Chronosystem: Life altering events, how do they effect all systems.
73
Alfred Bandura
| Social Learning Theory
Bobo Doll 1960's
| Parent hits doll with hammer children will hit the doll with hammer
74
Social Learning Theory
Model or shaping effect through social behaviors
75
Parent Child Coercive Cycles
Gerald Patterson
Social Learning Theory
Competition between parent and child to see who will get the upper hand.
EX: parent puts child on time out, child gets up when they want parent loses upper hand and says your grounded till your 40!
76
Dynamic Nature of Parenting
Social Relational theory
constantly changes as parent and child grow
77
Bi-Directional arrow
| Social Relational Theory
How the child and parent effect each other.
78
Role Theory
Concerns of Roles
Role Conflict
Role strain
- family roles, expectations and behaviors
- roles with two different status (being a parent and employee)
- Tension between roles of same status (caring for child & elder parent)
79
Bell's CONTROL THEORY
(1979)
Who is in control
parent is responsible for how child is doing
80
Mutual regulation
| bell theory
how to manage each other (child is good, mom's happy, child is bad, mom's controlling)
81
Upper Limit
| Bell Theory
limit parent deals with before stepping in
| EX: child is being to loud, how long does parent wait to step into situation.
82
Lower limit
| Bell theory
not active: Child is playing video games when does parent step in.
83
Self Determination
| Deci and Ryan (2012)
What motivates individuals to act.
EX: ball into the street
Child goal: get the ball
Parent goal: keep child safe and controlled
84
Family Systems Theory
Recognizing influence of all family members
-family is a unit
EX: alcoholism is a family disease
85
2nd order effects
| Family Systems Theory
one parent acts differently when other parent isn't around
| EX: kids are ignored by dad until mom shows up.
86
Co-parenting
| Family Systems Theory
mother and father working together, shared responsibilities of child raising.
87
Emotional Security Theory
children see parents argue become fearful that this will result in separation.
How parents handle arguments reflects on how secure their child feels about the world
88
Parenting Traits
Classifying parents into one word category, depending on sensitive, and involvement
EX: Helicopter parents: hover, intrude, over involved
89
Baumrinds Typology
- Authoritative: warm, loving but firm
- Authoritarian: cold and firm, dictator
- Permissive: loving, no rules
- Uninvolved/Neglectful: cold and neglectful
90
Transactional Development
What type of pull does child have on parent
EX: parents are different with a 13 yr old and 3 yr old
EX: parents are more lenient and rough house with boys
EX: parents will baby the baby of 3 kids.
91
Bi-directional approach
mutual influence, parent affect the child and the child affects the parent
EX: Brushing Aubrey's teeth, how I act affects how she acts in the morning.
92
Social Learning
Where you learned about dispensing rewards and punishments
-From your own experiences
EX: we learned from our parents
93
Social Address
Comparing Parents who live in different locations or have different characteristics:
- Culture
- Geographical Location
- SES
- Race/Ethnicity
94
Ecological Momentary Assesment
Diads
Triads
Examines behaviors as it occurs naturally
Diad: mom and child
Triad: dad, mom, and child
EX: child needs something, mom is already aware
EX: kids good at taking turns is a example of synchrony
95
Parent Cognition
Our behavior is in part a function of our perceptions.
Parent and child thinking process.
96
Social Autopsy
| Parent Cognition
Talk stop and process
How does parents attitude effect their parenting style?
97
Parent perceptions
| If son does drugs
All his friends do drugs
98
Self Perception
| Parent Cognition
How intuitive parents are to figure out the situation
| EX: parent knows kids has a problem and also works with teacher.
99
Metaparenting
thinking about the parenting process, happens when the child is not around
EX: when the parent thinks about the situation after the event.
100
central question of parenting research and behavioral genetics
examine role of genes versus the environment (nature vs. nurture).
101
Mediator vs. moderator variables
Mediator
Mediator: changes how or why two variables are associated
EX: if we think parents are bad the child questions if they are bad and then begins to act out.
102
Mediator vs. moderator variables
Moderator
affects the strength or direction of a relation between two other variables
EX: if kid acts out in public parent jumps in right away impacting the child's conscious.
103
Which approach acknowledges bi-directional influnces
| 3
- Ecological Momentary Assessment: how parent/child interaction is structured and regulated
- Child Effects: how does child affect parent
- Large Data Sets:
104
Which approaches provide most flexibility for studying determinants of parental behavior and direction of influence
- Parenting Traits -Social Learning
| - Social Address -Large Data Sets
105
Experiments of Nature
- Feral Children: children raised by animals
- Starved of effect: no social interaction
- Failure to Thrive: children are smaller, their brains are smaller
- Orphanages and instutions
106
Konrad Lorenz, Harry Harlow
| Animal Studies
Lorenz and the baby geese: he was their mother
Harry Harlow: Monkeys raised by real mom and cage moms
107
Competent Children
Securely attached infants are more competent.
If parent is bad join an outside club
Adolescent effect of adult attachment think about dad or mom in childhood are you happy or sad?
108
Negative (View of others)/Negative(view of self)
fearful
109
Positive(View of others)/Negative(view of self)
Preoccupied
110
Positive(View of others)/Positive(view of self)
Secure
111
Negative (View of others)/Positive(view of self)
Dismissing
112
Parent Child attatchment
children securely attached at 12 months of age will develop a positive working model of themselves and others.
12-18 months children will be good at problem solving are persistent cooperative
113
baumrind vs. lewis
Baumrind parent chooses the parenting style
Lewis: competent children elicit authoritative parenting. competency in children and parents reflect a reciprocal process.
114
Current view of genetic influence
children are born with certain genes but it takes the environment to bring out that specific gene.
115
Diathesis stress model
genes may only react given a certain environment for them to thrive in.
EX: depression and schizophrenia may not be prevalent until the environment exposes certain stressors.
116
Trajectories
create pathways for child's development, often based on parental long term goals
Helps promote encouragement and support
117
Mediating Trajectorie
interpreting a child's experience and sense of reality
EX: mom controlling where the child is at.
118
Pre-Arming
Trajectorie
Before bad stuff happens
| -teaching kids how not to do drugs, how to say no and walk away
119
Concurrent Mediation
Trajectorie
How to counteract a negative experience right after it happens
EX: child raped by fathers friend while the whole family was in the room.
120
Debriefing
| Trajectorie
After the fact about 6 months to a year.
-Counteract negative experience after the fact
EX: get help and slay they demons or fall into a hole.
121
Systematic empirical research
to correct erroneous beliefs and gain new knowledge
122
Children's Rights
Separate from parental rights
