Chapter 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Monism
A
Universe consists of only one type of being
2
Q
What are the 4 explanations of behavior?
A
Physiological, functional, ontogenetic and evolutionary
3
Q
What is the kind-body problem?
A
How mind relates to Brain activity
4
Q
What are the 3 “r”s?
A
Reduce replacement refinement
5
Q
Name two kinds of cells the nervous system consists of?
A
Glia and neurons
6
Q
What do neurons do?
A
They receive information and transmit them to other cells
7
Q
Who found a way to stain cells with silver salts?
A
Camilo Golgi
8
Q
Who was Santiago Ramon rajal?
A
Showed small gap separates the tips of one neuron fibers from the surface of the next neuron
9
Q
What is a membrane?
A
The surface of a cell
10
Q
What does a membrane do?
A
Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
11
Q
What is a Nucleus
A
Structure that contains the chromosomes
12
Q
Mitochondrion
A
Performs metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell uses for all activities
13
Q
Ribosome
A
Sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules
Some float freely
14
Q
What are some ribosomes attached to?
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
15
Q
Dualism
A
Mind is one type of substance and matter another
16
Q
3 major parts of neuron
A
Dendrites
A soma
Axon
Presynaptic terminals
17
Q
Dendrites
A
Branching fibers
Surface lined with synaptic receptors to receive info from other neurons
18
Q
Dendritic spines
A
Short outgrowths increase surface area available for synapses
19
Q
Cell body/soma
A
Contains neucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria
Metabolic work
20
Q
Axon
A
Thin fiber of constant diameter
Conveys an impulse toward other neurons, organ or a muscle
21
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Insulating material of vertebrate axons
22
Q
Nodes of ranvier
A
Interruptions
23
Q
Presynaptic terminal
A
Swells at the tip of the branches
24
Q
Efferent axon
A
Carries information information away from a structure
25
Afferent axon
Brings information into a structure
26
Different types of glia
Amors
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Radial glia
Astrocytes
Microgila
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
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27
Astrocytes
Star shaped
Wrap around the presynaptic terminals
Helps synchronize the activity of neurons enabling them to send msgs in waves
Remove waste material
Dilate blood vessels
28
Microglia
Part of the immune system removing waste material viruses, fungi from brain
Survival of neurons in early life
29
Oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells
Build myelin sheath that surround and insulate
Supply axon with nutrients necessary for functioning
30
Radial glia
Guide the migration of neurons
after embryo logical development finish they differentiate into neurons/Astros/Oligodendrocytes
31
Blood brain barrier
Keeps out viruses and also most nutrients
32
Which chemicals cross blood brain barrier?
Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide
chemicals that dissolve in fats of the membrane
33
Which chemicals cross blood brain barrier by active transport?
Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins, iron, few hormones
34
Electrical gradient
Known as polarization
A difference in charge between inside and outside cell
35
Resting potential
Difference in voltage / 70 mV millivolts
Neuron inside has slightly negative electrical potential with respect to outside. (Negative charged proteins inside cell)
Like bow and arrow stable until it's ready to fire
36
Selective permeable
Some chemicals pass through more freely than others
37
Concentration gradient
Difference in distribution of ions across the membrane
Sodium more concentrated outside so it enters the cell
38
Sodium potassium pump
Continues pulling potassium into the cell, so it always remains extra concentrated inside
39
Where are sodium ions more concentrated?
Outside
40
Where are potassium ions more concentrated?
Inside the cell
41
What drives the potassium ions out the cell?
Concentration gradient
42
What draws the potassium ions into the cell?
Electrical gradient
43
Action potential
Messages sent by axons
44
Hyperpolarization
Increased polarization
Is an exaggeration of the usual negative charge within a cell. A depolarization is a decrease amount of negative charge
45
Subthreshold
Stimulation produces s response that quickly decays
46
What is the relationship between the threshold and action potential?
A depolarization that passes the threshold produces an action potential. One that falls short does not
47
During action potential sodium ions go where?
Move into the cell
48
After the peak of action potential what brings back the resting potential?
Potassium exits the cell driving the membrane back to resting potential
49
All or none law
All stimuli that exceed the threshold produce same response to the neuron
50
Threshold of excitation
Produces massive depolarization of the membrane
Opens sodium channels and allows to come
In. Shoots up far beyond the strength of the stimulus (action potential)
51
Name the refractory periods
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
The refractory period
52
What is the refractory period ?
Immediately after an action potential which resists the production of further action potentials
53
What is the absolute refractory period?
The membrane cannot produce an action potential regardless of stimulation
54
What is a relative refractory potential?
A stronger than usual stimulus is necessary to initiate an action potential
55
Na ?
Sodium
56
K
Potassium
57
Saltatory conduction
The jumping of action potentials from node to node
Providing rapid conduction of impulses
Conserves energy by: a myelinated axon admits sodium only at its nodes
58
Local neuron
Neurons without an axon exchange information only from closest neighbors
Don't follow all or none law
59
Graded potential
When local neuron receives information from other neurons
A membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus
60
Inside cell of resting neuron is what charge?
Negative charge
61
Electrical and concentration gradient
At rest, act in competing directions for potassium, almost balancing out
Potassium ions have slow net flow out
Both tend to push sodium into cell but sodium doesn't cross while at rest
62
What's a synapse
Specialized gap between neurons
The point of communication between two neurons
63
Who found the synapse?
Sherrington
64
What did Sherrington find?
Communication between one neuron and the next differs from comm along a single axon
65
Reflexes
Automatic muscular responses to stimuli
66
Reflex arc
The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response
67
Temporal summation
Summation over time
Combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse
68
Spatial summation
Summation over space
Pinch two points at once
Combined effect of several stimulation at several synapses onto one neuron
69
Presynaptic neuron
Delivers transmission
70
Post synaptic neuron
Receives transmission
71
What evidence led Sherrington to conclude transmission of synapses is different from among an axon?
Speed of conduction through a reflex arc was slower than that of an action potential of axon.
Some delay must occur at the junction between one neuron and the next
72
Eccles
Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP
73
What gates open during EPSP?
Graded depolarization
From flow of sodium ions into neuron producing temporal summation
Sodium gates open
74
What gates open during Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP?
Occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium to leave
Potassium or chloride gates open
75
Can inhibitory message flow along axon?
No. Only action potentials propagate along axon.
IPSP decay over time and distance
76
Who was Otto Loewi
Nerves send messages by releasing chemicals
77
What is a neurotransmitter?
Neuron releases chemicals that affect another neuron
78
What do neurons release in highly active brain areas?
Nitric oxide NO
79
Name 3 catechloamines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
80
Tryptophan ?
Amino acid, precursor to serotonin crosses blood brain barrier by special transport system
amount of this in diet controls amount of serotonin in the brain
81
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
In vesicles (tiny spherical packets)
82
How is excessive build up of neurotransmitter prevented?
By an enzyme called MAO that breaks down these transmitters into inactive chemicals
83
What are bursts of release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron called?
Exocytosis
84
Ionotropic effects are gated by what?
Transmitter gated or ligand gated
85
What neurotransmitter uses the excitatory ionotropic synapses?
Glutamate
86
What do inhibitory ionotropic synapse use?
GABA opens chloride gates
87
What are two receptors called?
Ionotropic effects and megabotropic effects
88
What are ionotropic synapses for?
Vision and hearing- rapid quick changing information
89
What are metabotropic synapses for?
More enduring effects like taste smell and pain . Timing not important
Arousal attention pleasure and emotion
90
Where are neuropeptides released? And when
Dendrites cell body and sides of axon
Only after prolonged stimulation but when, in large amounts not just axon terminal (neurotransmitter)
Diffuse widely producing long lasting effects
91
LSD
Lsd binds to one type of serotonin receptor
They provide Stimulation at inappropriate times and cause distorted perception
92
Hormone
Chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by blood to influence other cells
93
Difference between neurotransmitter and hormone
Hormone like radio station, u have to tune in to the right station to get the message
Neurotransmitter like phone. From one sender to another
94
Name 3 brains neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Gaba
Glutamate
95
Brains most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is______, and inhibitory Neurotransmitter _______.
Glutamate...gaba
96
A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse is called what?
Second messenger
97
Anterior pituitary
Glandular tissue that produces hormones that Control other endocrine organs
98
Which neurotransmitter is broken down into 2 pieces
Acetylcholine
